The dove is a significant symbol throughout the Bible, representing various spiritual truths and divine attributes. Its symbolism is deeply rooted in the biblical narrative and is often associated with peace, purity, and the Holy Spirit.

Peace and Reconciliation

One of the most prominent symbols of the dove is peace. This is vividly illustrated in the account of Noah and the flood. After the waters began to recede, Noah sent out a dove to see if the land had become dry. The dove returned with an olive leaf in its beak, signaling the end of God's judgment and the restoration of peace between God and humanity. Genesis 8:11 states, "And behold, the dove returned to him in the evening with a freshly plucked olive leaf in its mouth. So Noah knew that the waters had receded from the earth." This imagery of the dove with an olive branch has transcended biblical literature to become a universal symbol of peace.

Purity and Innocence

Doves are also emblematic of purity and innocence. In the sacrificial system of the Old Testament, doves were one of the few birds that could be offered as a sacrifice, often by those who could not afford more expensive animals like lambs or bulls. Leviticus 5:7 provides, "If, however, he cannot afford a lamb, he may bring to the LORD two turtledoves or two young pigeons as a penalty for his sin, one as a sin offering and the other as a burnt offering." The use of doves in sacrifices underscores their association with purity and the cleansing of sin.

The Holy Spirit

In the New Testament, the dove takes on a profound spiritual significance as a symbol of the Holy Spirit. At the baptism of Jesus, the Holy Spirit is described as descending upon Him in the form of a dove. Matthew 3:16 records, "As soon as Jesus was baptized, He went up out of the water. Suddenly the heavens were opened, and He saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and resting on Him." This event marks the anointing of Jesus for His public ministry and signifies the presence and approval of God. The dove as a representation of the Holy Spirit emphasizes the themes of peace, purity, and divine presence.

Gentleness and Harmlessness

The dove is also a symbol of gentleness and harmlessness. Jesus instructed His disciples to embody these qualities in their ministry. In Matthew 10:16 , He advised, "Behold, I am sending you out like sheep among wolves; therefore be as shrewd as snakes and as innocent as doves." Here, the dove represents the innocence and purity that should characterize the followers of Christ, even as they navigate a world that can be hostile to their message.

Love and Devotion

In the poetic literature of the Bible, particularly the Song of Solomon, the dove is used as a metaphor for love and devotion. The beloved is often compared to a dove, highlighting qualities of beauty, gentleness, and faithfulness. Song of Solomon 2:14 expresses, "O my dove in the clefts of the rock, in the hiding places of the mountainside, show me your face, let me hear your voice; for your voice is sweet, and your face is lovely." The dove here symbolizes the intimate and devoted relationship between the lovers, which can also be seen as an allegory for the relationship between God and His people.

Throughout the Scriptures, the dove serves as a powerful symbol, rich with meaning and spiritual significance. Its presence in biblical narratives and teachings underscores key themes of peace, purity, the Holy Spirit, gentleness, and love, making it a profound emblem within the Christian faith.