Context and Background:
Stephen, one of the seven deacons chosen by the early church to serve and manage the distribution of food, is a prominent figure in the Book of Acts. Known for his faith, wisdom, and being full of the Holy Spirit, Stephen becomes the first Christian martyr. His defense, as recorded in Acts 7, is a pivotal moment in the early church's history, marking a transition in the spread of the Gospel beyond Jerusalem.

Scriptural Reference:
Stephen's defense is found in Acts 7:1-53. The high priest asks Stephen if the accusations against him are true, prompting Stephen to deliver a powerful speech that recounts Israel's history and highlights their repeated rejection of God's messengers.

Key Themes and Content:

1. Historical Recap of Israel:
Stephen begins his defense by recounting the history of Israel, starting with Abraham. He emphasizes God's covenant with Abraham and the promise of land and descendants (Acts 7:2-8). Stephen highlights the faith of the patriarchs and God's providence throughout Israel's history.

2. Joseph and Moses:
Stephen continues by discussing Joseph, who, despite being rejected by his brothers, becomes a savior during a time of famine (Acts 7:9-16). He then transitions to Moses, detailing his life, calling, and the deliverance of Israel from Egypt (Acts 7:17-36). Stephen underscores Moses' initial rejection by the Israelites, drawing a parallel to their current rejection of Jesus.

3. Rebellion and Idolatry:
Stephen addresses the Israelites' rebellion in the wilderness, including the worship of the golden calf (Acts 7:37-43). He points out that despite God's continuous guidance and provision, the people repeatedly turned to idolatry.

4. The Tabernacle and Temple:
Stephen speaks of the tabernacle of testimony and the eventual construction of the temple by Solomon (Acts 7:44-50). He emphasizes that God does not dwell in houses made by human hands, quoting the prophet Isaiah to reinforce that God is greater than any physical structure.

5. Accusation of Stiff-necked Resistance:
In a bold conclusion, Stephen accuses the Sanhedrin of being "stiff-necked" and resisting the Holy Spirit, just as their ancestors did (Acts 7:51-53). He charges them with betraying and murdering the Righteous One, Jesus Christ, whom the prophets foretold.

Significance:
Stephen's defense is not merely a recounting of history but a prophetic indictment of the religious leaders' failure to recognize Jesus as the Messiah. His speech serves as a theological bridge, connecting the Old Testament promises to their fulfillment in Christ. Stephen's unwavering faith and boldness in the face of persecution exemplify the power of the Holy Spirit at work in the early church.

Impact on the Early Church:
Stephen's martyrdom, which follows his defense, becomes a catalyst for the spread of the Gospel beyond Jerusalem. His death marks the beginning of a great persecution against the church, leading to the dispersion of believers who carry the message of Christ to Judea, Samaria, and beyond. Stephen's testimony and sacrifice inspire future generations of Christians to stand firm in their faith amidst trials and opposition.