In the context of the Bible, the issue of runaway slaves is addressed within the broader framework of slavery in ancient times, which was a common institution in many cultures, including those depicted in the biblical narrative. The Bible provides guidance on the treatment of slaves and the responsibilities of both masters and slaves, reflecting the social and legal norms of the time.

Old Testament Context

The Old Testament law contains specific instructions regarding the treatment of runaway slaves. In Deuteronomy 23:15-16 , it is stated: "Do not return a slave to his master if he has taken refuge with you. Let him live among you wherever he chooses, within any of your gates that seems good to him. Do not oppress him." This passage suggests a level of protection for runaway slaves, allowing them to find refuge and not be forcibly returned to their masters. This provision highlights a concern for the welfare and autonomy of the individual seeking refuge.

The broader context of slavery in the Old Testament includes regulations intended to ensure humane treatment. For example, the laws in Exodus 21:2-11 provide guidelines for the treatment of Hebrew slaves, including the provision for their release after six years of service. These laws reflect an understanding of slavery that includes rights and protections for the enslaved, albeit within the constraints of the ancient Near Eastern societal structure.

New Testament Context

In the New Testament, the issue of runaway slaves is most notably addressed in the book of Philemon. The Apostle Paul writes a personal letter to Philemon concerning Onesimus, a slave who had run away and subsequently converted to Christianity. Paul sends Onesimus back to Philemon, appealing for him to be received not merely as a slave but as a beloved brother in Christ. In Philemon 1:15-16 , Paul writes: "For perhaps this is why he was separated from you for a while, so that you might have him back for good, no longer as a slave, but better than a slave, as a dear brother."

Paul's approach to the situation emphasizes the transformative power of the Gospel, which transcends social and legal norms. While Paul does not explicitly call for the abolition of slavery, his appeal to Philemon reflects a radical redefinition of relationships within the Christian community, where all are equal in Christ (Galatians 3:28).

Theological Implications

The biblical treatment of runaway slaves, particularly in the New Testament, underscores the principle of Christian love and fellowship that transcends social hierarchies. The emphasis on treating runaway slaves with dignity and respect aligns with the broader biblical themes of justice, mercy, and compassion. The transformation of relationships through Christ is a recurring theme, challenging believers to view one another as equals, regardless of social status.

The Bible's approach to runaway slaves, while situated within the historical context of ancient slavery, points to a higher moral and spiritual calling that values the inherent worth of every individual. This perspective has informed Christian thought and practice throughout history, contributing to the eventual movements toward the abolition of slavery and the promotion of human rights.