The role of the priest in the Bible is a multifaceted and significant one, serving as a mediator between God and His people. The priesthood is established in the Old Testament and continues to hold symbolic and spiritual importance throughout the Scriptures.

Old Testament Priesthood

The priesthood is first formally established in the Mosaic Law, with Aaron and his descendants appointed as priests (Exodus 28:1). The primary function of the priest was to offer sacrifices on behalf of the people, acting as an intermediary to atone for their sins. Leviticus 1-7 outlines the various offerings and sacrifices that the priests were responsible for, including burnt offerings, grain offerings, peace offerings, sin offerings, and guilt offerings.

Priests also had the duty of teaching the Israelites the statutes and laws of God. In Leviticus 10:11, God commands Aaron and his sons to "teach the Israelites all the statutes that the LORD has given them through Moses." This educational role was crucial in maintaining the covenant relationship between God and His people.

The high priest held a unique position, entering the Holy of Holies once a year on the Day of Atonement to make atonement for the sins of the nation (Leviticus 16). This act symbolized the ultimate mediation between God and Israel.

Priestly Garments and Consecration

The garments of the priests were detailed and symbolic, as described in Exodus 28. These included the ephod, breastplate, robe, tunic, turban, and sash, each with specific significance. The high priest's breastplate contained twelve stones representing the twelve tribes of Israel, signifying his role in bearing the people before God.

The consecration of priests involved a series of rituals, including washing, anointing with oil, and sacrifices (Exodus 29). This consecration set them apart for their sacred duties, emphasizing the holiness required in approaching God.

New Testament Perspective

In the New Testament, the role of the priest is transformed through the person and work of Jesus Christ. Hebrews 4:14-16 presents Jesus as the "great high priest" who has passed through the heavens, sympathizing with human weaknesses yet without sin. His once-for-all sacrifice on the cross fulfills and surpasses the Old Testament sacrificial system (Hebrews 9:11-14).

The New Testament also introduces the concept of the "priesthood of all believers," as seen in 1 Peter 2:9: "But you are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for God’s own possession, to proclaim the virtues of Him who called you out of darkness into His marvelous light." This indicates that all believers have direct access to God through Christ and are called to serve and proclaim His truth.

Priestly Functions and Symbolism

The priestly functions in the Bible symbolize the need for mediation between a holy God and sinful humanity. The sacrificial system underscores the seriousness of sin and the necessity of atonement. The priesthood points forward to the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ, who provides eternal redemption.

Throughout the Scriptures, the role of the priest serves as a reminder of God's holiness, the gravity of sin, and the provision of grace through faith. The priesthood, both in its Old Testament form and its fulfillment in Christ, highlights the central theme of reconciliation with God.