Pul is a name mentioned in the Bible, primarily associated with a king of Assyria. In 2 Kings 15:19, Pul is identified as the Assyrian king who invaded the land of Israel during the reign of Menahem, king of Israel. The verse states: "Then Pul king of Assyria invaded the land, and Menahem gave Pul a thousand talents of silver to gain his support and strengthen his own hold on the kingdom." This event marks a significant moment in the history of Israel, as it illustrates the beginning of Assyrian influence and intervention in the region.

Pul is often equated with Tiglath-Pileser III, a prominent Assyrian ruler known for his military campaigns and administrative reforms. This identification is supported by historical records outside the Bible, which suggest that Tiglath-Pileser III was active in the region during this period. The tribute paid by Menahem to Pul signifies the political and military pressure exerted by Assyria on the smaller kingdoms of the Near East, including Israel.

The mention of Pul in the biblical narrative highlights the geopolitical dynamics of the time, where smaller states like Israel were often caught between the ambitions of larger empires. The payment of tribute was a common practice to secure peace or support from a more powerful neighbor, reflecting the complex relationships between these ancient kingdoms.

Lud

Lud is a name that appears in the genealogical and ethnographic lists of the Bible, representing a people or nation. In Genesis 10:22, Lud is listed as one of the sons of Shem, making him a descendant of Noah: "The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram." This places Lud among the Semitic peoples, who are traditionally associated with the regions of the Near East.

The descendants of Lud are often identified with the Lydians, an ancient people who inhabited the region of Lydia in western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). This identification is supported by historical and linguistic evidence, as well as by references in other ancient texts. The Lydians were known for their wealth and influence, particularly during the reign of King Croesus, and they played a significant role in the history of the region.

In Isaiah 66:19, Lud is mentioned again in a prophetic context: "I will set a sign among them, and I will send survivors from them to the nations—to Tarshish, Put, Lud (who draw the bow), Tubal, and Javan—to the distant islands that have not heard of My fame or seen My glory. And they will proclaim My glory among the nations." Here, Lud is depicted as a people skilled in archery, suggesting a martial aspect to their identity.

The biblical references to Lud reflect the broader narrative of the Table of Nations in Genesis, which seeks to explain the origins and relationships of the various peoples known to the ancient Israelites. Lud's inclusion in these lists underscores the interconnectedness of the ancient world and the diverse heritage of the Semitic peoples.