The Kohathites were one of the three main divisions of the Levites, the others being the Gershonites and the Merarites. As descendants of Kohath, the second son of Levi, the Kohathites held a unique and significant role in the service of the Tabernacle during the Israelites' wilderness wanderings and later in the Temple service.

Biblical Foundation

The duties of the Kohathites are primarily outlined in the Book of Numbers. According to Numbers 4:1-20, the Kohathites were responsible for the most sacred objects of the Tabernacle. This included the Ark of the Covenant, the Table of Showbread, the Lampstand, the Altars, and the sacred utensils used in the sanctuary service.

Specific Duties

1. Transporting Sacred Objects: The Kohathites were tasked with carrying the holy furnishings and articles of the Tabernacle. Numbers 4:15 states, "When Aaron and his sons have finished covering the holy objects and all their implements, the camp is to set out, and the Kohathites are to come and carry them; but they must not touch the holy objects, or they will die." This underscores the sanctity and the peril associated with their duties.

2. Covering and Preparing: Before the Kohathites could transport these sacred items, Aaron and his sons, the priests, were responsible for covering them with specific coverings to ensure they were not directly touched or seen by the Kohathites. Numbers 4:5-6 describes the process: "Whenever the camp sets out, Aaron and his sons are to go in and take down the veil of the screen and cover the Ark of the Testimony with it."

3. Prohibition Against Direct Contact: The Kohathites were strictly forbidden from touching or even looking at the holy objects uncovered. Numbers 4:20 warns, "But the Kohathites must not go in to look at the holy objects, even for a moment, or they will die." This prohibition highlights the reverence and fear associated with the divine presence.

4. Assigned by Lot: The specific tasks of the Kohathites, as well as those of the other Levitical families, were assigned by lot under the supervision of Eleazar, the son of Aaron. Numbers 4:16 notes, "Eleazar son of Aaron the priest is to have charge of the oil for the light, the fragrant incense, the regular grain offering, and the anointing oil. He is to oversee the entire tabernacle and everything in it, including its holy furnishings and articles."

Role in the Temple

While the primary focus of the Kohathites' duties is on the Tabernacle, their responsibilities continued into the era of the Temple. As the Temple in Jerusalem became the central place of worship, the Kohathites, along with other Levites, played a crucial role in its service and maintenance.

Spiritual Significance

The duties of the Kohathites emphasize the holiness and separateness of God, as well as the need for careful and reverent handling of sacred things. Their service is a reminder of the importance of obedience and reverence in worship, reflecting the broader Levitical call to holiness and dedication to God's service.