Biblical Context:
The account of David delivering Keilah is found in 1 Samuel 23:1-13. This narrative occurs during the period when David was fleeing from King Saul, who sought to kill him. At this time, David was anointed by the prophet Samuel as the future king of Israel, but Saul still reigned. David's actions at Keilah demonstrate his reliance on God for guidance and his role as a protector of Israel, even before ascending to the throne.

Historical and Geographical Background:
Keilah was a fortified city in the lowlands of Judah, strategically located near the Philistine border. The Philistines were a constant threat to Israel during this period, frequently raiding towns and villages. The city of Keilah was significant due to its location and its role in the agricultural economy of the region, particularly in grain production.

Narrative Summary:
The narrative begins with David receiving news that the Philistines were attacking Keilah and looting the threshing floors. In response, David inquires of the LORD whether he should go and attack the Philistines. The LORD instructs David to go and save Keilah. Despite initial hesitance from his men, who were already fearful due to their precarious situation in Judah, David seeks the LORD's guidance a second time. The LORD reaffirms His command, promising David victory over the Philistines.

David and his men go to Keilah, engage the Philistines, and deliver a decisive victory, saving the inhabitants of the city. This act of deliverance not only demonstrates David's military prowess but also his commitment to the welfare of the people of Israel.

Theological Significance:
David's deliverance of Keilah highlights several key theological themes:

1. Divine Guidance and Dependence on God: David's repeated inquiries of the LORD underscore his reliance on divine guidance. This dependence is a hallmark of David's leadership and contrasts with Saul's increasingly autonomous and disobedient reign.

2. God's Sovereignty and Protection: The narrative illustrates God's sovereignty in directing the affairs of His chosen leader, David. Despite being pursued by Saul, David is used by God to deliver His people from their enemies, showcasing God's protective care over Israel.

3. David as a Shepherd-King: David's actions at Keilah prefigure his future role as king. His willingness to risk his life and the lives of his men for the sake of the people reflects the heart of a shepherd, a theme that is central to David's identity and reign.

Subsequent Events:
After the victory at Keilah, David learns that Saul is plotting to besiege the city to capture him. Once again, David seeks the LORD's counsel, asking if the people of Keilah will betray him to Saul. The LORD reveals that they will indeed surrender him. Consequently, David and his men, numbering about six hundred, leave Keilah and continue their flight from Saul.

This episode further cements David's reputation as a leader who prioritizes the safety and well-being of his followers, even when faced with betrayal and danger. It also foreshadows the complex relationship David will have with the people of Israel as he navigates the path to kingship.