In biblical times, betrothal was a significant and binding agreement, distinct from modern-day engagements. It was a formal period of commitment preceding marriage, marked by several key attributes that underscored its seriousness and sanctity.

1. Legal and Binding Nature: Betrothal was not merely a promise to marry but a legally binding contract. This is evident in the account of Mary and Joseph, where Joseph is referred to as Mary's husband even before they came together (Matthew 1:18-19). The betrothal could only be dissolved by a formal divorce, highlighting its binding nature.

2. Public Acknowledgment: The betrothal was often a public declaration, involving the families of both parties. It was a community-recognized event, ensuring that the commitment was known and respected by society. This public aspect is reflected in the cultural practices of the time, where betrothals were celebrated and acknowledged by the community.

3. Period of Preparation: The betrothal period served as a time of preparation for the couple. The groom would often prepare a place for his bride, as seen in the cultural practices of building a home or adding a room to his father's house. This mirrors the spiritual analogy of Christ preparing a place for His bride, the Church (John 14:2-3).

4. Fidelity and Exclusivity: Betrothal required absolute fidelity from both parties. The expectation of exclusivity was paramount, as seen in the severe consequences for unfaithfulness during this period. Deuteronomy 22:23-24 outlines the penalties for infidelity, underscoring the seriousness of the commitment.

5. Symbolic of Divine Relationship: Betrothal in the Bible often symbolizes the relationship between God and His people. The prophetic writings frequently use the imagery of betrothal to describe God's covenant relationship with Israel. Hosea 2:19-20 states, "And I will betroth you to Me forever; I will betroth you in righteousness and justice, in loving devotion and compassion. I will betroth you in faithfulness, and you will know the LORD."

6. Expectation of Future Fulfillment: The betrothal period was characterized by anticipation and expectation of the future marriage. This forward-looking aspect is mirrored in the Christian hope of the ultimate union with Christ, as the Church awaits the marriage supper of the Lamb (Revelation 19:7-9).

7. Dowry and Bride Price: In many instances, a dowry or bride price was part of the betrothal agreement. This was a tangible expression of the groom's commitment and ability to provide for his future wife. The giving of a bride price is seen in the account of Jacob and Rachel, where Jacob worked for Laban as a form of bride price (Genesis 29:18-20).

The attributes of betrothal in biblical times reflect a deep commitment and a covenantal understanding of relationships, serving as a profound metaphor for the divine-human relationship throughout Scripture.