Definition and Purpose

Apportionment by lot refers to the ancient practice of distributing land, responsibilities, or roles among individuals or groups by casting lots. This method was employed to ensure fairness and divine guidance in decision-making processes, reflecting a belief that God would direct the outcome according to His will. The practice is rooted in the understanding that human judgment is fallible, and thus, divine intervention through lots was sought to achieve equitable distribution.

Biblical Instances

1. Division of the Promised Land: One of the most significant uses of apportionment by lot in the Bible is the division of the Promised Land among the tribes of Israel. After the Israelites entered Canaan, the land was divided by lot under the leadership of Joshua. This process is detailed in the Book of Joshua, where it is stated, "The lot for the tribe of the descendants of Judah according to their families came out first" (Joshua 15:1). The casting of lots ensured that each tribe received its inheritance as ordained by God.

2. Selection of the Scapegoat: In Leviticus 16, during the Day of Atonement, lots were cast to choose between two goats—one to be sacrificed to the Lord and the other to be sent into the wilderness as the scapegoat. "He is to cast lots for the two goats—one lot for the LORD and the other for the scapegoat" (Leviticus 16:8). This ritual underscored the belief in divine selection and the removal of sin from the community.

3. Choosing Leaders and Assignments: The casting of lots was also used to select leaders and assign duties. In 1 Samuel 14:41-42, lots were used to identify Jonathan as the one who had violated Saul's oath. Similarly, in 1 Chronicles 24:5, lots were cast to determine the order of service for the priests: "They divided them impartially by drawing lots, for there were officials of the sanctuary and officials of God among the descendants of both Eleazar and Ithamar" (1 Chronicles 24:5).

4. Replacement of Judas Iscariot: In the New Testament, the apostles used lots to select Matthias as the replacement for Judas Iscariot. Acts 1:26 records, "Then they cast lots, and the lot fell to Matthias; so he was added to the eleven apostles" (Acts 1:26). This event highlights the continued reliance on divine guidance in the early Church.

Theological Significance

Apportionment by lot is significant in biblical theology as it represents a reliance on God's sovereignty and wisdom. The practice acknowledges human limitations and the need for divine intervention in making just and impartial decisions. It reflects a trust in God's providence and His active role in guiding the affairs of His people.

Cultural and Historical Context

In the ancient Near East, casting lots was a common practice not only among the Israelites but also among other cultures. It was often used in legal and religious contexts to make decisions that required impartiality. The Israelites, however, imbued the practice with theological meaning, viewing it as a means to discern God's will.

Symbolism and Interpretation

The use of lots symbolizes the belief in God's ultimate control over human affairs. It serves as a reminder of the need for humility and submission to God's will. In the biblical narrative, the outcomes of casting lots are consistently portrayed as divinely orchestrated, reinforcing the theme of God's sovereignty throughout Scripture.