Joshua 9:1

Now when news of this reached all the kings west of the Jordan--those in the hill country, the foothills, and all along the coast of the Great Sea toward Lebanon (the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites)--

Study Bible

Now all the kings
The phrase "Now all the kings" introduces a collective response from the regional powers. In the Hebrew text, the word for "kings" is "מְלָכִים" (melachim), which signifies rulers or leaders with authority over specific territories. This highlights the political structure of Canaan, where multiple city-states were governed by their respective kings. The unification of these kings against Israel underscores the perceived threat that Israel posed, as they had already witnessed the miraculous victories of the Israelites under Joshua's leadership.

west of the Jordan
This geographical marker, "west of the Jordan," situates the narrative in the land of Canaan, which was the Promised Land for the Israelites. The Jordan River served as a significant boundary, both physically and symbolically, representing the transition from the wilderness wanderings to the inheritance of the land God promised to Abraham and his descendants. The crossing of the Jordan by the Israelites was a pivotal moment, marking the beginning of the conquest of Canaan.

in the hill country
The "hill country" refers to the central mountainous region of Canaan. This area was known for its rugged terrain and strategic military advantage. Historically, the hill country was a place of refuge and strength, often difficult for invading armies to conquer. The mention of this region indicates the strategic importance of the land that the Israelites were to inherit.

in the foothills
The "foothills," or "Shephelah" in Hebrew, describe the lowland region between the hill country and the coastal plains. This area was agriculturally rich and served as a buffer zone between the highlands and the coastal areas. The Shephelah was often a contested region due to its fertile land and strategic location.

along the entire coast of the Great Sea
The "Great Sea" refers to the Mediterranean Sea, which bordered the western edge of Canaan. The coastal region was home to various peoples and was a hub of trade and cultural exchange. Control of the coast meant access to maritime trade routes and economic prosperity.

as far as Lebanon
"As far as Lebanon" extends the geographical scope northward, indicating the vast area influenced by the events in Canaan. Lebanon, known for its majestic cedar trees, was a region of great natural resources and beauty. This phrase emphasizes the widespread impact of Israel's presence in the land.

the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites
These names represent the various ethnic groups inhabiting Canaan. Each group had its own culture, religion, and political structure. The Hittites were known for their advanced civilization and military prowess. The Amorites were a prominent people in the ancient Near East, often associated with strength and resilience. The Canaanites were the general inhabitants of the land, known for their idolatrous practices. The Perizzites were a rural people, living in unwalled villages. The Hivites were known for their cunning, as later demonstrated in their deceptive treaty with Israel. The Jebusites inhabited Jerusalem, a city that would later become the political and spiritual center of Israel.

heard about this
The phrase "heard about this" indicates the widespread dissemination of news regarding Israel's victories and the miraculous events surrounding their journey. The Hebrew word "שָׁמַע" (shama) implies not just hearing, but understanding and responding to the information. The kings' reaction to what they heard set the stage for the subsequent alliances and conflicts, as they sought to resist the advancing Israelites. This highlights the power of God's actions through Israel, which reverberated throughout the region, instilling both fear and a sense of urgency among the Canaanite kings.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Kings West of the Jordan
These are the rulers of various city-states in the region west of the Jordan River. They represent the political and military leadership of the land that Israel is entering.

2. Hill Country, Foothills, and Coast of the Great Sea
These geographical areas describe the diverse terrain of Canaan, indicating the widespread influence and reach of the news about Israel's conquests.

3. Lebanon
A region to the north of Canaan, known for its cedar trees, indicating the northern extent of the area affected by Israel's presence.

4. Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites
These are the various ethnic groups inhabiting Canaan, each with its own culture and religious practices, often in opposition to the Israelites.

5. The Event of Hearing
The kings and peoples of these regions heard about the victories of Israel, particularly the miraculous crossing of the Jordan and the fall of Jericho and Ai, which caused them to take action.

Teaching Points

God's Sovereignty Over Nations
The passage demonstrates God's control over the affairs of nations. Despite the power and number of the kings and peoples, God's plan for Israel prevails.

The Impact of God's Works
The news of God's mighty acts through Israel spreads fear among the nations. Believers today should recognize the power of God's works in their lives as a testimony to others.

Unity in Opposition
The unity of these diverse groups against Israel shows how opposition to God's people can bring together unlikely allies. Christians should be prepared for opposition and remain steadfast in faith.

The Importance of Obedience
Israel's success is tied to their obedience to God's commands. Believers are reminded of the importance of following God's will to experience His blessings.

Spiritual Warfare
The physical battles Israel faces are a reflection of the spiritual battles believers encounter. Christians are called to put on the full armor of God to stand firm against spiritual adversaries.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the reaction of the kings west of the Jordan reflect the power and influence of God's actions through Israel?

2. In what ways can believers today demonstrate the impact of God's works in their lives to those around them?

3. What can we learn from the unity of the Canaanite kings in opposition to Israel about the nature of spiritual opposition?

4. How does the command in Deuteronomy 7:1-2 to conquer these nations relate to the concept of spiritual warfare in the New Testament?

5. Reflect on a time when obedience to God's commands led to a significant victory in your life. How can this encourage you in current challenges?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Deuteronomy 7:1-2
This passage outlines God's command to Israel to conquer and destroy these nations, emphasizing the fulfillment of God's promises and the seriousness of Israel's mission.

Exodus 23:23-24
God promises to send His angel before Israel to bring them into the land of these peoples, highlighting God's active role in Israel's conquests.

Psalm 2:1-2
This psalm speaks of the nations conspiring against the Lord and His anointed, reflecting the opposition Israel faces from these kings.