Daniel 11:20

In his place one will arise who will send out a tax collector for the glory of the kingdom; but within a few days he will be destroyed, though not in anger or in battle.

Study Bible

In his place
This phrase indicates a succession, a transition of power from one ruler to another. In the historical context, this refers to the successor of Seleucus IV Philopator, a king of the Seleucid Empire. The Hebrew word used here, "תַּחְתָּיו" (takhtav), implies a direct replacement or someone taking the position of another. This sets the stage for a new character in the unfolding prophecy, emphasizing the transient nature of earthly power and the divine orchestration of leadership changes.

one will arise
The phrase suggests the emergence of a new leader. Historically, this refers to Seleucus IV's son, who was expected to take the throne. The Hebrew verb "עָמַד" (amad) conveys the idea of standing up or establishing oneself, indicating the assumption of authority. This emergence is part of God's sovereign plan, reminding believers that leaders rise according to divine will.

who will send out a tax collector
This phrase highlights a specific action taken by the new ruler. The tax collector, or "נֹגֵשׂ" (noges), was an official responsible for collecting revenue. Historically, Heliodorus was sent by Seleucus IV to collect taxes, which aligns with this prophecy. This action reflects the burdens placed on the people by earthly kingdoms, contrasting with the spiritual freedom offered by God's kingdom.

for the glory of the kingdom
The motivation behind sending the tax collector is for the kingdom's glory, indicating a focus on wealth and splendor. The Hebrew word "הַמַּלְכוּת" (hamalkhut) refers to the realm or dominion of the king. This pursuit of glory through material means serves as a reminder of the temporal nature of earthly glory compared to the eternal glory of God's kingdom.

Yet within a few days
This phrase indicates the brevity of the ruler's reign. The Hebrew "יָמִים" (yamim) can mean days or a short period, emphasizing the fleeting nature of human power. This serves as a reminder of the unpredictability of life and the importance of focusing on eternal truths rather than temporary achievements.

he will be shattered
The term "שָׁבַר" (shabar) means to break or destroy, indicating a sudden and complete downfall. This prophecy was fulfilled when Seleucus IV was assassinated, highlighting the vulnerability of human leaders. It serves as a cautionary tale about the fragility of power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over human affairs.

though not in anger or battle
This phrase clarifies that the ruler's downfall will not be due to external conflict or divine wrath. The Hebrew "אַף" (af) means anger, and "מִלְחָמָה" (milchamah) means battle. This unexpected end underscores the mysterious ways in which God can bring about change, often beyond human understanding or expectation. It serves as a reminder that God's plans are not always aligned with human logic or methods.

Persons / Places / Events

1. The Successor
This refers to the ruler who arises after the previous king. Historically, this is often identified as Seleucus IV Philopator, who succeeded Antiochus III.

2. The Tax Collector
This individual is sent by the successor to collect taxes to maintain the royal splendor. In historical context, this could refer to Heliodorus, who was sent by Seleucus IV to collect funds.

3. The Royal Splendor
This phrase indicates the wealth and grandeur of the kingdom, which the successor aims to maintain through taxation.

4. The Brief Reign
The successor's reign is described as short-lived, indicating a sudden end to his rule.

5. The Shattering
The successor's downfall is not due to anger or battle, suggesting an unexpected or non-violent end, possibly through assassination or intrigue.

Teaching Points

The Fleeting Nature of Power
Earthly power and splendor are temporary. Leaders may rise and fall quickly, reminding us to place our trust in God's eternal kingdom rather than human authority.

The Burden of Oppressive Leadership
The imposition of heavy taxes for maintaining royal splendor can lead to dissatisfaction and unrest. Leaders should govern with justice and care for their people.

God's Sovereignty Over Nations
Despite human plans and ambitions, God remains in control. The unexpected end of the successor's reign demonstrates that God can change the course of history according to His will.

The Importance of Integrity in Leadership
The successor's downfall, not due to anger or battle, suggests internal issues such as betrayal or corruption. Leaders should strive for integrity and righteousness.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the brief reign of the successor in Daniel 11:20 illustrate the temporary nature of earthly power, and how can this perspective influence our daily lives?

2. In what ways can oppressive taxation or leadership lead to a ruler's downfall, and how does this principle apply to modern governance?

3. How does the concept of God's sovereignty, as seen in the unexpected end of the successor's reign, provide comfort and assurance in times of political uncertainty?

4. What lessons can we learn about integrity and righteousness in leadership from the downfall of the successor in Daniel 11:20?

5. How can we apply the teachings of Daniel 11:20 to our understanding of justice and fairness in our personal and professional relationships?

Connections to Other Scriptures

2 Kings 23:35
This verse discusses taxation imposed by a king to maintain his kingdom, similar to the actions of the successor in Daniel 11:20.

Proverbs 29:4
This verse highlights the importance of justice in leadership, contrasting with the oppressive taxation seen in Daniel 11:20.

Luke 2:1-3
The decree from Caesar Augustus for a census and taxation echoes the theme of rulers using taxation to maintain control and splendor.