Bible Encyclopedia: Pergamum

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International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

PERGAMOS; PERGAMUM

pur'-ga-mos, or pur'-ga-mum (he Pergamos, or to Pergamon):

1. History:

Pergamos, to which the ancient writers also gave the neuter form of the name, was a city of Mysia of the ancient Roman province of Asia, in the Caicus valley, 3 miles from the river, and about 15 miles from the sea. The Caicus was navigable for small native craft. Two of the tributaries of the Caicus were the Selinus and the Kteios. The former of these rivers flowed through the city; the latter ran along its walls. On the hill between these two streams the first city stood, and there also stood the acropolis, the chief temples, and theaters of the later city. The early people of the town were descendants of Greek colonists, and as early as 420 B.C. they struck coins of their own. Lysimachus, who possessed the town, deposited there 9,000 talents of gold. Upon his death, Philetaerus (283-263 B.C.) used this wealth to found the independent Greek dynasty of the Attalid kings. The first of this dynasty to bear the title of king was Attalus I (241-197 B.C.), a nephew of Philetaerus, and not only did he adorn the city with beautiful buildings until it became the most wonderful city of the East, but he added to his kingdom the countries of Mysia, Lydia, Caria, Pamphylia and Phrygia. Eumenes II (197-159 B.C.) was the most illustrious king of the dynasty, and during his reign the city reached its greatest height. Art and literature were encouraged, and in the city was a library of 200,000 volumes which later Antony gave to Cleopatra. The books were of parchment which was here first used; hence, the word "parchment," which is derived from the name of the town Pergamos. Of the structures which adorned the city, the most renowned was the altar of Zeus, which was 40 ft. in height, and also one of the wonders of the ancient world. When in 133 B.C. Attalus III, the last king of the dynasty, died, he gave his kingdom to the Roman government. His son, Aristonicus, however, attempted to seize it for himself, but in 129 he was defeated, and the Roman province of Asia was formed, and Pergamos was made its capital. The term Asia, as here employed, should not be confused with the continent of Asia, nor with Asia Minor. It applied simply to that part of Asia Minor which was then in the possession of the Romans, and formed into the province of which Pergamos was the capital. Upon the establishment of the province of Asia there began a new series of coins struck at Pergamos, which continued into the 3rd century A.D. The magnificence of the city continued.

2. Religions:

There were beautiful temples to the four great gods Zeus, Dionysus, Athena and Asklepios. To the temple of the latter, invalids from all parts of Asia flocked, and there, while they were sleeping in the court, the god revealed to the priests and physicians by means of dreams the remedies which were necessary to heal their maladies. Thus opportunities of deception were numerous. There was a school of medicine in connection with the temple. Pergamos was chiefly a religious center of the province. A title which it bore was "Thrice Neokoros," meaning that in the city 3 temples had been built to the Roman emperors, in which the emperors were worshipped as gods. Smyrna, a rival city, was a commercial center, and as it increased in wealth, it gradually became the political center. Later, when it became the capital, Pergamos remained the religious center. As in many of the towns of Asia Minor, there were at Pergamos many Jews, and in 130 B.C. the people of the city passed a decree in their favor. Many of the Jews were more or less assimilated with the Greeks, even to the extent of bearing Greek names.

3. Christianity:

Christianity reached Pergamos early, for there one of the Seven Churches of the Book of Re stood, and there, according to Revelation 2:13, Antipas was marryred; he was the first Christian to be put to death by the Roman state. The same passage speaks of Pergamos as the place "where Satan's throne is," probably referring to the temples in which the Roman emperors were worshipped. During the Byzantine times Pergamos still continued as a religious center, for there a bishop lived. However, the town fell into the hands of the Seljuks in 1304, and in 1336 it was taken by Suleiman, the son of Orkhan, and became Turkish.

The modern name of the town, which is of considerable size, possessing 15 mosques, is Bergama, the Turkish corruption of the ancient name. One of its mosques is the early Byzantine church of Sophia. The modern town is built among the ruins of the ancient city, but is far less in extent. From 1879 to 1886 excavations among the ruins were conducted by Herr Humann at the expense of the German government. Among them are still to be seen the base of the altar of Zeus, the friezes of which are now in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin; theater, the agora, the gymnasium and several temples. In ancient times the city was noted for its ointments, pottery and parchment; at present the chief articles of trade are cotton, wool, opium, valonia, and leather.

E. J. Banks

Greek

4010. Pergamos -- Pergamum, a city of Mysia
... Pergamum, a city of Mysia. Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine Transliteration: Pergamos
Phonetic Spelling: (per'-gam-os) Short Definition: Pergamum Definition ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/4010.htm - 6k

493. Antipas -- Antipas, a Christian of Pergamum
... Antipas, a Christian of Pergamum. Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration:
Antipas Phonetic Spelling: (an-tee'-pas) Short Definition: Antipas Definition ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/493.htm - 6k

825. Attaleia -- Attalia, a city of Pamphylia
... Word Origin from Attalos (Attalus, a king of Pergamum) Definition Attalia,
a city of Pamphylia NASB Word Usage Attalia (1). Attalia. ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/825.htm - 6k

Library

Spiritual Condition of the Congregations. --The Seven Churches in ...
... 3. Churches of amixed character, viz., those of Ephesus, Pergamum, and Thyatira.
In these cases commendation and censure, promise and threatening are united. ...
/.../history of the christian church volume i/section 50 spiritual condition of.htm

Letter vii. To Chromatius, Jovinus, and Eusebius.
... Even if a Ptolemy had closed the seas, King Attalus would still have sent you
parchments from Pergamum, and so by his skins you could have made up for the want ...
/.../jerome/the principal works of st jerome/letter vii to chromatius jovinus.htm

Was the New Testament Created Consciously? and How did the ...
... This practically means that only the Churches of Ephesus, Smyrna (perhaps
also Sardis Pergamum), Corinth, and Rome stand in question. ...
/.../harnack/the origin of the new testament/ 5 was the new.htm

A Message from the Crowned Christ
... The description of Himself to the Pergamum group is startling. He is the one with
a sharp two-edged sword. There is something here He must fight against. ...
/.../iv a message from the crowned.htm

The Second and Third General Epistles of John
... There have been some attempts to identify him with a Gajus who is mentioned in the
Apostolic Constitutions as having been appointed bishop of Pergamum by John ...
/.../drummond/introduction to the new testament/the second and third general.htm

The Crown Book
... The messages to the Churches of Pergamum and Thyatira and Sardis show clearly that
there had already begun a rubbing out of the sharp line of distinction ...
/.../gordon/quiet talks on the crowned christ of revelation/ii the crown book.htm

The Revelation of St. John the Divine
... The Churches of Asia have special temptations against which they must fight, eg
coldness at Ephesus, false prophecy at Thyatira, emperor worship at Pergamum. ...
/.../pullan/the books of the new testament/chapter xxv the revelation of.htm

Matthew.
... The Chronicon Paschale which represents Papias as martyred at Pergamum about the
same time, mistook PAPULOS in Eusebius, HE, IV. 15 (at the close), for PAPIAS. ...
/.../schaff/history of the christian church volume i/section 80 matthew.htm

The Dialogue against the Luciferians.
... In the angel of the Church of Pergamum the eating of idol-sacrifices is censured
(Revelation 2:14), and the doctrine of the Nicolaitans (ib.15). ...
/.../the principal works of st jerome/the dialogue against the luciferians.htm

Book ii. Jerome Answers the Second, Third, and Fourth Propositions ...
The Principal Works of St. Jerome. <. ...
/.../jerome/the principal works of st jerome/book ii jerome answers the.htm

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Pergamum

In the Revised Version for Pergamos. (Revelation 1:11) Pergamum is the form usual in the classic writers.

Thesaurus

Pergamum (2 Occurrences)
... Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia PERGAMOS; PERGAMUM. pur'-ga ... leather. EJ Banks.
Multi-Version Concordance Pergamum (2 Occurrences). Revelation ...
/p/pergamum.htm - 12k

Pergamos (1 Occurrence)
... Parchment (qv) was first made here, and was called by the Greeks pergamene, from
the name of the city. Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia. PERGAMOS; PERGAMUM. ...
/p/pergamos.htm - 12k

Antiochus
... He waged war on Eumenes of Pergamum, but without success. ... He sought the
friendship also of Eumenes of Pergamum, but without success. ...
/a/antiochus.htm - 17k

Nicolaitans (2 Occurrences)
... were strongly condemned by John, who praised the church in Ephesus for "hating their
works" (Revelation 2:6), and blamed the church in Pergamum for accepting ...
/n/nicolaitans.htm - 10k

Gaius (5 Occurrences)
... 1:5, 6). He has been identified by some with the Gaius mentioned in the Apostolical
Constitutions (VII, 46), as having been appointed bishop of Pergamum by John ...
/g/gaius.htm - 10k

Follows (65 Occurrences)
... (WEY). Revelation 2:12 "To the minister of the Church at Pergamum write as follows:
"'This is what He who has the sharp, two-edged sword says. ...
/f/follows.htm - 25k

Two-edged (7 Occurrences)
... Revelation 2:12 "To the angel of the assembly in Pergamum write: "He who has the
sharp two-edged sword says these things: (WEB WEY ASV BBE DBY YLT NAS RSV). ...
/t/two-edged.htm - 8k

Double-edged (6 Occurrences)
... (See NIV). Revelation 2:12 "To the angel of the assembly in Pergamum write: "He
who has the sharp two-edged sword says these things: (See NIV). ...
/d/double-edged.htm - 8k

Philadelphia (2 Occurrences)
... Revelation 1:11 saying, " What you see, write in a book and send to the seven
assemblies : to Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and to ...
/p/philadelphia.htm - 10k

Parchment
... 4:13)): The word "parchment "which occurs only once (2 Timothy 4:13), is derived
from Latin pergamena (Greek Pergamene), ie pertaining to Pergamum, the name of ...
/p/parchment.htm - 8k

Bible Concordance

Pergamum (2 Occurrences)

Revelation 1:11 saying, " What you see, write in a book and send to the seven assemblies : to Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and to Laodicea."
(WEB WEY ASV NAS NIV)

Revelation 2:12 "To the angel of the assembly in Pergamum write: "He who has the sharp two-edged sword says these things:
(WEB WEY ASV NAS NIV)

Subtopics

Pergamum

Related Terms

Pergamos (1 Occurrence)

Antiochus

Nicolaitans (2 Occurrences)

Gaius (5 Occurrences)

Follows (65 Occurrences)

Two-edged (7 Occurrences)

Double-edged (6 Occurrences)

Philadelphia (2 Occurrences)