EVE IN THE OLD TESTAMENT

ev, (chawwah, "life"; Eua; the name given, as the Scripture writer says, Genesis 3:20 (Zoe), from her unique function as "the mother of all living"):

The first created woman; created secondarily from Adam (or man) as a "help meet for him" (Genesis 2:18-22), and later named and designated as the mother of the human race.

For the literary type and object of the story of Eve, see under ADAM, i, 2.

1. The Names Given to Her:

Two names are given to her, both bestowed by the man, her mate. The first, ishshah, "woman" (literally, "man-ess"), is not strictly a name but a generic designation, referring to her relation to the man; a relation she was created to fulfill in default of any true companionship between man and the beasts, and represented as intimate and sacred beyond that between child and parents (Genesis 2:18-24). The second, Eve, or "life," given after the transgression and its prophesied results, refers to her function and destiny in the spiritual history or evolution of which she is the beginning (Genesis 3:16, 20). While the names are represented as bestowed by the man, the remarks in Genesis 2:24 and 3:20b may be read as the interpretative addition of the writer, suited to the exposition which it is the object of his story to make.

2. Her Relation to Man:

As mentioned in the article ADAM, the distinction of male and female, which the human species has in common with the animals, is given in the general (or P) account of creation (Genesis 1:27); and then, in the more particularized (or J) account of the creation of man, the human being is described at a point before the distinction of sex existed. This second account may have a different origin, but it has also a different object, which does not conflict with but rather supplements the other. It aims to give the spiritual meanings that inhere in man's being; and in this the relation of sex plays an elemental part. As spiritually related to the man-nature, the woman-nature is described as derivative, the helper rather than the initiator, yet equal, and supplying perfectly the man's social and affectional needs. It is the writer's conception of the essential meaning of mating and marriage. To bring out its spiritual values more clearly he takes the pair before they are aware of the species meanings of sex or family, while they are "naked" yet "not ashamed" Genesis 2:25, and portrays them purely as companions, individual in traits and tendencies, yet answering to each other. She is the helpmeet for him (ezer keneghdo, "a help answering to him").

3. Her Part in the Change of Condition:

True to her nature as the being relatively acted upon rather than acting, she is quicker than the man to respond to the suggestion initiated by the serpent and to follow it out to its desirable results. There is eagerness of desire in her act of taking the fruit quite different from the quasi matter-of-course attitude of the man. To her the venture presents itself wholly from the alluring side, while to him it is more like taking a desperate risk, as he detaches himself even from the will of God in order to cleave to her. All this is delicately true to the distinctive feminine and masculine natures. A part of her penalty is henceforth to be the subordinated one of the pair (Genesis 3:16), as if for her the values of life were to be mediated through him. At the same time it is accorded to her seed to perpetuate the mortal antipathy to the serpent, and finally to bruise the serpent's head (Genesis 3:15).

4. In Subsequent History:

After these opening chapters of Genesis, Eve is not once mentioned, nor even specifically alluded to, in the canonical books of the Old Testament. It was not in the natural scope of Old Testament history and doctrine, which were concerned with Abraham's descendants, to go back to so remote origins as are narrated in the story of the first pair. The name Eve occurs once in the Apocrypha, in the prayer of Tobit (APC Tobit 8:6): "Thou madest Adam, and gavest him Eve his wife for a helper and a stay; of them came the seed of men"; the text then going on to quote Genesis 2:18. In 1 Esdras 4:20, 21 there is a free quotation, or rather paraphrase, of Genesis 2:24. But not even in the somber complaints of 2 Esdras concerning the woe that Adam's transgression brought upon the race is there any hint of Eve's part in the matter.

(see under ADAM IN THE OLD TESTAMENT, iii, 2)

John Franklin Genung

Adam and Eve.
Mother Stories from the Old Testament. <. ... ADAM AND EVE. In the
beginning God made the heaven and the earth He also made ...
/.../anonymous/mother stories from the old testament/adam and eve.htm

The Revelation to which the Scripture of the Old Testament Owes ...
... XIV. The Revelation to Which the Scripture of the Old Testament Owes Its Existence. ...
We see it in Adam and Eve; especially in Enoch; and "By faith Abel obtained ...
/.../kuyper/the work of the holy spirit/xiv the revelation to which.htm

The Redeemer's Return is Necessitated by the Declarations of Old ...
... On the eve of His crucifixion our Lord expressly declared, "This is your hour ... Many
other Old Testament predictions could be cited to the same effect, but one ...
/...//christianbookshelf.org/pink/the redeemers return/i the redeemers return is.htm

The Revelation of the Old Testament in Writing.
... XV. The Revelation of the Old Testament in Writing. "Then ... prophecy. God spoke
also to others than prophets, eg, to Eve, Cain, Hagar, etc. ...
/.../kuyper/the work of the holy spirit/xv the revelation of the.htm

Faustus Rejects the Old Testament Because it Leaves no Room for ...
... Those belonging to the Old Testament were the people who cared for nothing else
but the ... But I fear lest, as the serpent deceived Eve by his guile, so your ...
/.../faustus rejects the old testament.htm

The Cross of Christ Frequently Announced in the Old Testament.
... Chapter XII."The cross of Christ frequently announced in the Old Testament. ... For since
transgression was committed by Eve through means of the serpent, [the ...
/.../barnabas/the epistle of barnabas /chapter xii the cross of christ.htm

Mother Stories from the Old Testament
Mother Stories from the Old Testament. <. Mother Stories from the Old
Testament Anonymous. ... ADAM AND EVE. CAIN AND ABEL. THE FLOOD. ...
//christianbookshelf.org/anonymous/mother stories from the old testament/

Argument. --That Christ is God, is Proved by the Authority of the ...
... That Christ is God, is Proved by the Authority of the Old Testament Scriptures. ... man;
when compelled by the facts themselves, they are on the eve of exalting ...
/.../chapter xii argument that christ is.htm

The Interpretation of the Early Narratives of the Old Testament
... alone remains that it is one of the truest bits of history in the Old Testament,
and this not because it is a leaf from the diary of Adam and Eve, but because ...
/.../xiv the interpretation of the.htm

Appendix. The Apocryphal Books of the Old Testament.
... is the first who expressly identifies the serpent that deceived Eve with the ... with
this true development of doctrine on the basis of the Old Testament he holds ...
/.../barrows/companion to the bible/appendix the apocryphal books of.htm

Eve

Eve in the New Testament

Eve in the Old Testament

Eve: Beguiled by Satan

Eve: Children of

Eve: Clothed With Animal Skins

Eve: Clothed With Fig Leaves

Eve: Creation of

Eve: Curse Denounced Against

Eve: Messiah Promised To

Eve: Named by Adam