Exodus 34:28
So Moses was there with the LORD forty days and forty nights without eating bread or drinking water. He wrote on the tablets the words of the covenant--the Ten Commandments.
So Moses was there with the LORD
This phrase highlights the intimate and direct communion between Moses and God. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "YHWH," the sacred tetragrammaton, which signifies the covenantal and personal name of God. This encounter underscores the unique role of Moses as a mediator between God and Israel, reflecting the deep relationship and trust God placed in him. Historically, this moment is pivotal as it reaffirms the covenant after the incident of the golden calf, emphasizing God's mercy and willingness to renew His promises with His people.

forty days and forty nights
The number forty in the Bible often symbolizes a period of testing, trial, or preparation. In Hebrew culture, this number is significant, appearing in various contexts such as the forty years of Israel's wandering in the desert and Jesus' forty days of fasting in the wilderness. This period signifies a complete cycle of spiritual preparation and transformation, indicating that Moses was being spiritually fortified and prepared to lead the Israelites with renewed vigor and divine guidance.

without eating bread or drinking water
This miraculous fast signifies total dependence on God for sustenance. In the natural realm, surviving without food and water for such an extended period is impossible, highlighting the supernatural nature of Moses' experience. This act of fasting is a profound expression of dedication and submission to God's will, illustrating the spiritual nourishment and strength that comes from divine presence and communion.

And he wrote on the tablets
The act of writing on the tablets signifies the permanence and authority of God's commandments. The Hebrew verb "katab" (to write) indicates a deliberate and intentional act, emphasizing the importance of these words as foundational to the covenant relationship. This moment marks the renewal of the covenant, with the written law serving as a tangible reminder of God's expectations and promises to His people.

the words of the covenant
The "words of the covenant" refer to the specific stipulations and commandments that define the relationship between God and Israel. In the ancient Near Eastern context, covenants were binding agreements, often sealed with written documents. This phrase underscores the legal and relational aspects of God's promises, highlighting the mutual commitments between God and His chosen people.

the Ten Commandments
The Ten Commandments, or "Decalogue," are the core ethical and moral principles given by God. In Hebrew, they are referred to as "Aseret ha'Dibrot," meaning "the ten words" or "sayings." These commandments form the foundation of Israelite law and ethics, reflecting God's character and His desire for His people to live in holiness and justice. They serve as a timeless guide for righteous living, emphasizing love for God and neighbor as central to the covenant relationship.

Persons / Places / Events
1. Moses
The central human figure in this passage, Moses is the leader of the Israelites and the mediator between God and His people. He is on Mount Sinai receiving the law from God.

2. The LORD (Yahweh)
The covenant God of Israel, who reveals His laws and commandments to Moses. His presence is central to the event of giving the Ten Commandments.

3. Mount Sinai
The mountain where Moses meets with God. It is a place of divine revelation and covenant-making.

4. The Tablets
These are the stone tablets on which the Ten Commandments are inscribed. They represent God's covenant with Israel.

5. The Covenant
The agreement between God and Israel, symbolized by the Ten Commandments, which are foundational to Israel's identity and relationship with God.
Teaching Points
The Importance of Divine Encounter
Moses' time on Mount Sinai underscores the necessity of seeking God's presence for guidance and revelation. Believers are encouraged to prioritize time with God in prayer and study.

The Significance of the Covenant
The Ten Commandments are not just rules but a covenantal relationship with God. Christians are called to live in a way that reflects their covenant with God through Christ.

Fasting and Spiritual Discipline
Moses' fasting is a model of dedication and spiritual discipline. Believers can practice fasting as a means to draw closer to God and seek His will.

The Role of the Mediator
Moses as a mediator points to Jesus Christ, the ultimate mediator of the New Covenant. Christians can find assurance in Christ's intercession on their behalf.

Obedience to God's Word
The giving of the Ten Commandments highlights the importance of obedience to God's Word. Believers are called to live according to God's commands as an expression of their faith.
Bible Study Questions
1. How does Moses' experience on Mount Sinai challenge us to seek deeper encounters with God in our own lives?

2. In what ways do the Ten Commandments serve as a foundation for our relationship with God today?

3. How can the practice of fasting enhance our spiritual growth and understanding of God's will?

4. What parallels can we draw between Moses as a mediator and Jesus Christ in the New Testament?

5. How can we apply the principles of the Ten Commandments in our daily lives to reflect our covenant relationship with God?
Connections to Other Scriptures
Deuteronomy 9:9-11
This passage recounts Moses' experience on Mount Sinai, emphasizing the significance of the forty days and nights and the giving of the tablets.

Matthew 4:2
Jesus' forty days and nights of fasting in the wilderness parallel Moses' experience, highlighting themes of preparation and divine encounter.

Hebrews 9:4
References the tablets of the covenant, connecting the Old Covenant with the New Covenant in Christ.

2 Corinthians 3:7-11
Discusses the glory of the Old Covenant, represented by the tablets, and contrasts it with the surpassing glory of the New Covenant.
Renewal of the Tables, and Fourth IntercessionJ. Orr Exodus 34:1-10, 28
Revived ObligationsJ. Orr Exodus 34:10-29
The Second TablesJames Stacy, D. D.Exodus 34:27-28
Fellowship with God and its FruitsJ. Urquhart Exodus 34:28-35
People
Aaron, Amorites, Canaanites, Hittites, Hivite, Hivites, Israelites, Jebusites, Moses, Perizzites
Places
Egypt, Mount Sinai, Sinai
Topics
Agreement, Ate, Bread, Commandments, Covenant, Drank, Drink, Drinking, Drunk, Eat, Eaten, Eating, Forty, Law, Matters, Nights, Rules, Stones, Tables, Tablets, Ten, Writeth, Writing, Wrote
Dictionary of Bible Themes
Exodus 34:28

     1653   numbers, 6-10
     1654   numbers, 11-99
     4293   water
     5377   law, Ten Commandments
     8430   fasting, nature of

Exodus 34:10-35

     4269   Sinai, Mount

Exodus 34:27-28

     1349   covenant, at Sinai
     1690   word of God
     7735   leaders, political

Exodus 34:28-29

     5574   tablet

Library
Blessed and Tragic Unconsciousness
'... Moses wist not that the skin of his face shone while he talked with Him.'--EXODUS xxxiv. 29. '... And Samson wist not that the Lord had departed from him.'--JUDGES xvi. 20. The recurrence of the same phrase in two such opposite connections is very striking. Moses, fresh from the mountain of vision, where he had gazed on as much of the glory of God as was accessible to man, caught some gleam of the light which he adoringly beheld; and a strange radiance sat on his face, unseen by himself, but
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture

God Proclaiming his Own Name
'The Lord passed by before him, and proclaimed, The Lord, the Lord God, merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abundant in goodness and truth.'--EXODUS xxxiv. 6. This great event derives additional significance and grandeur from the place in which it stands. It follows the hideous act of idolatry in which the levity and sinfulness of Israel reached their climax. The trumpet of Sinai had hardly ceased to peal, and there in the rocky solitudes, in full view of the mount 'that burned with fire,'
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture

A Jealous God
I. Reverently, let us remember that THE LORD IS EXCEEDINGLY JEALOUS OF HIS DEITY. Our text is coupled with the command--"Thou shalt worship no other God." When the law was thundered from Sinai, the second commandment received force from the divine jealousy--"Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in the heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I
Charles Haddon Spurgeon—Spurgeon's Sermons Volume 9: 1863

The Knowledge that God Is, Combined with the Knowledge that He is to be Worshipped.
John iv. 24.--"God is a Spirit, and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth." There are two common notions engraven on the hearts of all men by nature,--that God is, and that he must be worshipped, and these two live and die together, they are clear, or blotted together. According as the apprehension of God is clear, and distinct, and more deeply engraven on the soul, so is this notion of man's duty of worshipping God clear and imprinted on the soul, and whenever the actions
Hugh Binning—The Works of the Rev. Hugh Binning

Nature of the Renderings
From the text we now turn to the renderings, and to the general principles that were followed, both in the Old and in the New Testament. The revision of the English text was in each case subject to the same general rule, viz. "To introduce as few alterations as possible into the Text of the Authorised Version consistently with faithfulness"; but, owing to the great difference between the two languages, the Hebrew and the Greek, the application of the rule was necessarily different, and the results
C. J. Ellicott—Addresses on the Revised Version of Holy Scripture

Elijah's Weakness, and Its Cube
'And Ahab told Jezebel all that Elijah had done, and withal how he had slain all the prophets with the sword. 2. Then Jezebel sent a messenger unto Elijah, saying, So let the gods do to me, and more also, if I make not thy life as the life of one of them by to-morrow about this time. 3. And when he saw that, he arose, and went for his life, and came to Beersheba, which belongeth to Judah, and left his servant there. 4. But he himself went a day's journey into the wilderness, and came and sat down
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture

"That the Righteousness of the Law Might be Fulfilled in Us. "
Rom. viii. 4.--"That the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us." God having a great design to declare unto the world both his justice and mercy towards men, he found out this mean most suitable and proportioned unto it, which is here spoken of in the third verse,--to send his own Son to bear the punishment of sin, that the righteousness of the law might be freely and graciously fulfilled in sinners. And, indeed, it was not imaginable by us, how he could declare both in the salvation
Hugh Binning—The Works of the Rev. Hugh Binning

Moses --Making Haste
"Lord, teach us to pray."--Luke xi. 1. "And Moses made haste . . ."--Ex. xxxiv. 8. THIS passage is by far the greatest passage in the whole of the Old Testament. This passage is the parent passage, so to speak, of all the greatest passages of the Old Testament. This passage now open before us, the text and the context, taken together, should never be printed but in letters of gold a finger deep. There is no other passage to be set beside this passage till we come to the opening passages of the New
Alexander Whyte—Lord Teach Us To Pray

The Christian's God
Scripture References: Genesis 1:1; 17:1; Exodus 34:6,7; 20:3-7; Deuteronomy 32:4; 33:27; Isaiah 40:28; 45:21; Psalm 90:2; 145:17; 139:1-12; John 1:1-5; 1:18; 4:23,24; 14:6-11; Matthew 28:19,20; Revelation 4:11; 22:13. WHO IS GOD? How Shall We Think of God?--"Upon the conception that is entertained of God will depend the nature and quality of the religion of any soul or race; and in accordance with the view that is held of God, His nature, His character and His relation to other beings, the spirit
Henry T. Sell—Studies in the Life of the Christian

Jehovah. The "I Am. "
WHEN Moses in the desert beheld the burning bush God answered his question by the revelation of His name as the "I Am." "And God said unto Moses, I am, that I am: and He said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me unto you" (Exod. iii:14). He who spake thus out of the bush to Moses was the same who in the fullness of time appeared upon the earth in the form of man. Our Lord Jesus Christ is no less person, than the I AM. If we turn to the fourth Gospel in which the Holy
Arno Gaebelein—The Lord of Glory

The True Manner of Keeping Holy the Lord's Day.
Now the sanctifying of the Sabbath consists in two things--First, In resting from all servile and common business pertaining to our natural life; Secondly, In consecrating that rest wholly to the service of God, and the use of those holy means which belong to our spiritual life. For the First. 1. The servile and common works from which we are to cease are, generally, all civil works, from the least to the greatest (Exod. xxxi. 12, 13, 15, &c.) More particularly-- First, From all the works of our
Lewis Bayly—The Practice of Piety

That the Employing Of, and Associating with the Malignant Party, According as is Contained in the Public Resolutions, is Sinful and Unlawful.
That The Employing Of, And Associating With The Malignant Party, According As Is Contained In The Public Resolutions, Is Sinful And Unlawful. If there be in the land a malignant party of power and policy, and the exceptions contained in the Act of Levy do comprehend but few of that party, then there need be no more difficulty to prove, that the present public resolutions and proceedings do import an association and conjunction with a malignant party, than to gather a conclusion from clear premises.
Hugh Binning—The Works of the Rev. Hugh Binning

The Exercise of Mercy Optional with God.
ROMANS ix. 15.--"For He saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion." This is a part of the description which God himself gave to Moses, of His own nature and attributes. The Hebrew legislator had said to Jehovah: "I beseech thee show me thy glory." He desired a clear understanding of the character of that Great Being, under whose guidance he was commissioned to lead the people of Israel into the promised land. God said to
William G.T. Shedd—Sermons to the Natural Man

The True Tabernacle, and Its Glory of Grace and Peace
THERE WAS A TIME when God freely communed with men. The voice of the Lord God was heard walking in the garden in the cool of the day. With unfallen Adam the great God dwelt in sweet and intimate fellowship; but sin came and not only destroyed the garden, but destroyed the intercourse of God with His creature man. A great gulf opened between man as evil, and God as infinitely pure; and had it not been for the amazing goodness of the most High, we must all of us forever have been banished from His
Charles Haddon Spurgeon—Spurgeon's Sermons Volume 31: 1885

Because of his Importunity
"I say unto you, Though he will not rise and give him, because he is his friend, yet because of his importunity he will arise and give him as many as he needeth."--LUKE xi. 8. "And He spake a parable unto them, to the end, they ought always to pray and not to faint.... Hear what the unrighteous judge saith. And shall not God avenge His own elect, which cry to Him day and night, and He is long-suffering with them? I tell you that He will avenge them speedily."--LUKE xviii. 1-8. Our Lord Jesus
Andrew Murray—The Ministry of Intercession

The Mercy of God
The next attribute is God's goodness or mercy. Mercy is the result and effect of God's goodness. Psa 33:5. So then this is the next attribute, God's goodness or mercy. The most learned of the heathens thought they gave their god Jupiter two golden characters when they styled him good and great. Both these meet in God, goodness and greatness, majesty and mercy. God is essentially good in himself and relatively good to us. They are both put together in Psa 119:98. Thou art good, and doest good.' This
Thomas Watson—A Body of Divinity

The Formation of the Old Testament Canon
[Sidenote: Israel's literature at the beginning of the fourth century before Christ] Could we have studied the scriptures of the Israelitish race about 400 B.C., we should have classified them under four great divisions: (1) The prophetic writings, represented by the combined early Judean, Ephraimite, and late prophetic or Deuteronomic narratives, and their continuation in Samuel and Kings, together with the earlier and exilic prophecies; (2) the legal, represented by the majority of the Old Testament
Charles Foster Kent—The Origin & Permanent Value of the Old Testament

That Deep Things Ought not to be Preached at all to Weak Souls.
But the preacher should know how to avoid drawing the mind of his hearer beyond its strength, lest, so to speak, the string of the soul, when stretched more than it can bear, should be broken. For all deep things should be covered up before a multitude of hearers, and scarcely opened to a few. For hence the Truth in person says, Who, thinkest thou, is the faithful and wise steward, whom his Lord has appointed over his household, to give them their measure of wheat in due season? (Luke xii. 42).
Leo the Great—Writings of Leo the Great

The Lord of Glory.
1 Cor. ii:8. OUR ever blessed Lord, who died for us, to whom we belong, with whom we shall be forever, is the Lord of Glory. Thus He is called in 1 Cor. ii:8, "for had they known they would not have crucified the Lord of Glory." Eternally He is this because He is "the express image of God, the brightness of His Glory" (Heb. i:3). He possessed Glory with the Father before the world was (John xvii:5). This Glory was beheld by the prophets, for we read that Isaiah "saw His Glory and spake of Him"
Arno Gaebelein—The Lord of Glory

The Development of the Earlier Old Testament Laws
[Sidenote: First the principle, and then the detailed laws] If the canon of the New Testament had remained open as long as did that of the Old, there is little doubt that it also would have contained many laws, legal precedents, and ecclesiastical histories. From the writings of the Church Fathers and the records of the Catholic Church it is possible to conjecture what these in general would have been. The early history of Christianity illustrates the universal fact that the broad principles are
Charles Foster Kent—The Origin & Permanent Value of the Old Testament

Moses the Type of Christ.
"The Lord thy God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee, of thy brethren, like unto me; unto Him ye shall hearken."--Deut. xviii. 15. The history of Moses is valuable to Christians, not only as giving us a pattern of fidelity towards God, of great firmness, and great meekness, but also as affording us a type or figure of our Saviour Christ. No prophet arose in Israel like Moses, till Christ came, when the promise in the text was fulfilled--"The Lord thy God," says Moses, "shall
John Henry Newman—Parochial and Plain Sermons, Vol. VII

Covenant Duties.
It is here proposed to show, that every incumbent duty ought, in suitable circumstances, to be engaged to in the exercise of Covenanting. The law and covenant of God are co-extensive; and what is enjoined in the one is confirmed in the other. The proposals of that Covenant include its promises and its duties. The former are made and fulfilled by its glorious Originator; the latter are enjoined and obligatory on man. The duties of that Covenant are God's law; and the demands of the law are all made
John Cunningham—The Ordinance of Covenanting

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