Acts 18:28
For he powerfully refuted the Jews in public debate, proving from the Scriptures that Jesus is the Christ.
For he powerfully refuted the Jews in public debate, proving from the Scriptures that Jesus is the Christ
For he powerfully refuted
The phrase "powerfully refuted" indicates a strong, compelling argument that Apollos made against the Jews. The Greek word used here is "διακατελέγχετο" (diakatelegchomai), which implies a thorough and convincing refutation. This suggests that Apollos was not only knowledgeable but also eloquent and persuasive in his arguments. His ability to refute powerfully underscores the importance of being well-versed in Scripture and doctrine, as well as being able to communicate effectively. This serves as an inspiration for believers to study diligently and be prepared to defend their faith with clarity and conviction.

the Jews in public debate
The context of "the Jews in public debate" highlights the setting in which Apollos was engaging. Public debates were common in the ancient world, especially in places like synagogues or marketplaces where ideas were exchanged. The Jews here likely refer to those who were skeptical or opposed to the message of Jesus as the Messiah. Apollos's willingness to engage in public debate demonstrates the early Christian commitment to evangelism and the defense of the Gospel. It also reflects the openness of the early church to dialogue and reasoned discussion, rather than avoiding confrontation.

proving from the Scriptures
"Proving from the Scriptures" is a critical phrase that emphasizes the foundation of Apollos's arguments. The Greek word "ἐπιδεικνὺς" (epideiknus) means to demonstrate or show clearly. Apollos used the Hebrew Scriptures, what Christians refer to as the Old Testament, to make his case. This highlights the continuity between the Old and New Testaments and the fulfillment of prophecy in Jesus Christ. It serves as a reminder of the importance of Scripture as the ultimate authority in matters of faith and doctrine, and the need for believers to be adept in using it to explain and defend their beliefs.

that Jesus is the Christ
The declaration "that Jesus is the Christ" is the central claim of the Christian faith. The term "Christ" comes from the Greek "Χριστός" (Christos), meaning "Anointed One," equivalent to the Hebrew "Messiah." Apollos's argument was that Jesus fulfilled the messianic prophecies found in the Scriptures, affirming His identity as the Savior. This assertion is foundational to Christian doctrine, as it affirms Jesus's divine mission and role in God's redemptive plan. For believers, this is a call to recognize and proclaim Jesus as the promised Messiah, the one who brings salvation to all who believe.

Persons / Places / Events
1. Apollos
A learned Jew from Alexandria, known for his eloquence and knowledge of the Scriptures. He was fervent in spirit and taught accurately about Jesus, though initially only knowing the baptism of John.

2. Jews
The Jewish community in Ephesus, who were engaged in public debate with Apollos. They were knowledgeable in the Hebrew Scriptures but did not accept Jesus as the Messiah.

3. Ephesus
A major city in Asia Minor where Apollos engaged in public debate. It was a center of learning and culture, making it a strategic location for spreading the Gospel.

4. Scriptures
Refers to the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament), which Apollos used to demonstrate that Jesus fulfilled the Messianic prophecies.

5. Public Debate
The setting in which Apollos refuted the Jews, showcasing his ability to argue persuasively and effectively for the truth of the Gospel.
Teaching Points
The Power of Scripture
Apollos used the Scriptures to prove that Jesus is the Christ. This emphasizes the importance of knowing and using the Bible to defend and share our faith.

The Role of Debate in Evangelism
Engaging in respectful and informed debate can be a powerful tool for evangelism, as it was for Apollos in Ephesus.

Continuous Learning and Growth
Apollos was open to learning from Priscilla and Aquila, showing the importance of humility and the willingness to grow in our understanding of the faith.

The Importance of Eloquence and Knowledge
Apollos' eloquence and knowledge were instrumental in his ability to refute the Jews. Christians should strive to be well-versed in Scripture and articulate in their communication.

Unity in Diversity of Gifts
Apollos' ministry complements Paul's, illustrating how different gifts and roles contribute to the mission of the church.
Bible Study Questions
1. How does Apollos' use of the Scriptures in Acts 18:28 inspire you to deepen your own understanding of the Bible?

2. In what ways can you engage in respectful and effective dialogue with those who have different beliefs about Jesus?

3. How can the example of Apollos encourage you to be open to learning from others in your faith journey?

4. What steps can you take to improve your ability to communicate the Gospel clearly and persuasively?

5. How does the collaboration between Apollos, Priscilla, Aquila, and Paul demonstrate the importance of unity and diversity in the church's mission?
Connections to Other Scriptures
Acts 18:24-27
Provides context about Apollos' background, his initial understanding of the Gospel, and how Priscilla and Aquila helped him understand the way of God more accurately.

1 Corinthians 3:5-6
Paul refers to Apollos as a fellow worker in God's service, highlighting the role of different individuals in the growth of the early church.

Luke 24:27
Jesus explains to the disciples on the road to Emmaus how the Scriptures point to Him, similar to how Apollos used the Scriptures to prove Jesus is the Christ.
ApollosR.A. Radford Acts 18:24-28
The Eloquent ApollosE. Johnson Acts 18:24-28
The Opportunities Vouchsafed to FitnessP.C. Barker Acts 18:24-28
Variety in Christian ServiceW. Clarkson Acts 18:24-28
Mighty PreachingJ. W. Burn.Acts 18:27-28
Spiritual Succorer Derived from Appointed MeansW. Jay.Acts 18:27-28
The Churches and Removing MembersJ. W. Burn.Acts 18:27-28
The Duty of the Church At Home to the Work and the Workers AbroadS. S. TimesActs 18:27-28
People
Apollos, Aquila, Claudius, Corinthians, Crispus, Gallio, John, Justus, Paul, Priscilla, Silas, Sosthenes, Timotheus, Timothy, Titus
Places
Achaia, Alexandria, Athens, Caesarea, Cenchreae, Corinth, Ephesus, Galatia, Italy, Macedonia, Phrygia, Pontus, Rome, Syria, Syrian Antioch
Topics
Argument, Christ, Clear, Confuted, Convinced, Debate, Demonstrating, Discussion, Force, Holy, Jews, Making, Mightily, Overcame, Powerfully, Proving, Public, Publickly, Publicly, Refuted, Refuting, Scriptures, Shewing, Showing, Writings
Dictionary of Bible Themes
Acts 18:28

     1690   word of God
     2206   Jesus, the Christ
     5175   reading
     7703   apologetics

Acts 18:24-28

     5842   eloquence

Acts 18:27-28

     5293   defence, human
     8415   encouragement, examples

Library
'Constrained by the Word'
'And when Silas and Timotheus were come from Macedonia, Paul was pressed in the spirit, and testified.'--ACTS xviii. 5. The Revised Version, in concurrence with most recent authorities, reads, instead of 'pressed in the spirit,' 'constrained by the word.' One of these alterations depends on a diversity of reading, the other on a difference of translation. The one introduces a significant difference of meaning; the other is rather a change of expression. The word rendered here 'pressed,' and by the
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture: The Acts

Paul at Corinth
'After these things Paul departed from Athens, and came to Corinth; 2. And found a certain Jew named Aquila, born in Pontus, lately come from Italy, with his wife Priscilla; (because that Claudius had commanded all Jews to depart from Rome:) and came unto them. 3. And because he was of the same craft, he abode with them, and wrought: for by their occupation they were tent-makers. 4. And he reasoned in the synagogue every sabbath, and persuaded the Jews and the Greeks. 5. And when Silas and Timotheus
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture: The Acts

Gallio
'And when Paul was now about to open his mouth, Gallio said unto the Jews, If it were a matter of wrong: or wicked lewdness, O ye Jews, reason would that I should bear with you: 15. But if it be a question of words and names, and of your law, look ye to it; for I will be no judge of such matters.'--ACTS xviii. 14, 15. There is something very touching in the immortality of fame which comes to the men who for a moment pass across the Gospel story, like shooting stars kindled for an instant as they
Alexander Maclaren—Expositions of Holy Scripture: The Acts

The Civil Trial
In the chapter before last we saw the Sanhedrim pass a death sentence on Jesus. Gladly would they have carried it out in the Jewish fashion--by stoning. But, as was then explained, it was not in their power: their Roman masters, while conceding to the native courts the power of trying and punishing minor offences, reserved to themselves the prerogative of life and death; and a case in which a capital sentence had been passed in a Jewish court had to go before the representative of Rome in the country,
James Stalker—The Trial and Death of Jesus Christ

The Old Faiths and the New
SECOND GROUP OF EPISTLES GALATIANS. FIRST AND SECOND CORINTHIANS. ROMANS. PROBLEMS OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY The new faith in Christ made large claims for itself. It marked an advance upon Judaism and maintained that in Christ was fulfilled all the promises made by the prophets of the coming of the Jewish Messiah. It radically antagonized the heathen religions. It had a double task to win men out of Judaism and heathenism. Only by a careful study of these great doctrinal Epistles, and the
Henry T. Sell—Bible Studies in the Life of Paul

Third Missionary Journey
Scripture, Acts 18:23-21:17 [Illustration: Outline map illustrating the third missionary journey of Paul and the voyage to Italy.]
Henry T. Sell—Bible Studies in the Life of Paul

There Also is Said at what Work the Apostle Wrought. ...
22. There also is said at what work the Apostle wrought. "After these things," it says, "he departed from Athens and came to Corinth; and having found a certain Jew, by name Aquila, of Pontus by birth, lately come from Italy, and Priscilla his wife, because that Claudius had ordered all Jews to depart from Rome, he came unto them, and because he was of the same craft he abode with them, doing work: for they were tent-makers." [2549] This if they shall essay to interpret allegorically, they show what
St. Augustine—Of the Work of Monks.

Jewish Homes
It may be safely asserted, that the grand distinction, which divided all mankind into Jews and Gentiles, was not only religious, but also social. However near the cities of the heathen to those of Israel, however frequent and close the intercourse between the two parties, no one could have entered a Jewish town or village without feeling, so to speak, in quite another world. The aspect of the streets, the building and arrangement of the houses, the municipal and religious rule, the manners and customs
Alfred Edersheim—Sketches of Jewish Social Life

Flight into Egypt and Slaughter of the Bethlehem Children.
(Bethlehem and Road Thence to Egypt, b.c. 4.) ^A Matt. II. 13-18. ^a 13 Now when they were departed [The text favors the idea that the arrival and departure of the magi and the departure of Joseph for Egypt, all occurred in one night. If so, the people of Bethlehem knew nothing of these matters], behold, the angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise [this command calls for immediate departure] and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt [This land was ever the
J. W. McGarvey—The Four-Fold Gospel

The Kingdom Conquering the World
Acts Page Paul's Epistles Page Outline for Study of Epistles Page I Thessalonians Page I Corinthians Page Romans Page Philippians Page II Timothy Page The General Epistles Page Questions on the Book of James Page Studies in I and II Peter Page I John Page THE ACTS I. Author: 1. Name. 2. Number of
Frank Nelson Palmer—A Bird's-Eye View of the Bible

Sources and Literature on St. Paul and his Work.
I. Sources. 1. The authentic sources: The Epistles of Paul, and the Acts of the Apostles 9:1-30 and 13 to 28. Of the Epistles of Paul the four most important Galatians, Romans, two Corinthians--are universally acknowledged as genuine even by the most exacting critics; the Philippians, Philemon, Colossians, and Ephesians are admitted by nearly all critics; the Pastoral Epistles, especially First Timothy, and Titus, are more or less disputed, but even they bear the stamp of Paul's genius. On the coincidences
Philip Schaff—History of the Christian Church, Volume I

Jewish views on Trade, Tradesmen, and Trades' Guilds
We read in the Mishnah (Kidd. iv. 14) as follows: "Rabbi Meir said: Let a man always teach his son a cleanly and a light trade; and let him pray to Him whose are wealth and riches; for there is no trade which has not both poverty and riches, and neither does poverty come from the trade nor yet riches, but everything according to one's deserving (merit). Rabbi Simeon, the son of Eleazer, said: Hast thou all thy life long seen a beast or a bird which has a trade? Still they are nourished, and that
Alfred Edersheim—Sketches of Jewish Social Life

King Herod's Enrollment
THE first enrollment in Syria was made in the year 8-7 BC., but a consideration of the situation in Syria and Palestine about that time will show that the enrollment in Herod's kingdom was probably delayed for some time later. Herod occupied a delicate and difficult position on the throne of Judea. On the one hand he had to comply with what was required of him by the Imperial policy; he was governing for the Romans a part of the empire, and he was bound to spread western customs and language and
Sir William Mitchell Ramsay—Was Christ Born in Bethlehem?

Luke's Attitude Towards the Roman World
The reign of Augustus, as is well known, is enveloped in the deepest obscurity. While we are unusually well informed about the immediately preceding period of Roman history, and for part of the reign of his successor, Tiberius, we possess the elaborate and accurate, though in some respects strongly prejudiced account of Tacitus, the facts of Augustus's reign have to be pieced together from scanty, incomplete and disjointed authorities. Moreover, obscure events in a remote corner of the Roman world
Sir William Mitchell Ramsay—Was Christ Born in Bethlehem?

Paul's Journeys Acts 13:1-38:31
On this third journey he was already planning to go to Rome (Acts 19:21) and wrote an epistle to the Romans announcing his coming (Rom. 1:7, 15). +The Chief City+, in which Paul spent most of his time (Acts 19:1, 8, 10), between two and three years upon this journey, was Ephesus in Asia Minor. This city situated midway between the extreme points of his former missionary journeys was a place where Ephesus has been thus described: "It had been one of the early Greek colonies, later the capital
Henry T. Sell—Bible Studies in the Life of Paul

The Supremacy of Christ
THIRD GROUP OF EPISTLES COLOSSIANS. PHILEMON. EPHESIANS. PHILIPPIANS. THE QUESTION AT ISSUE +The Supremacy of Christ.+--These Epistles mark a new stage in the writings of Paul. The great question discussed in the second group of Epistles was in regard to the terms of salvation. The question now at issue (in Colossians, Ephesians, Philippian+The Reason for the Raising of this Question+ was the development of certain false religious beliefs among which were, "asceticism, the worship of angels,
Henry T. Sell—Bible Studies in the Life of Paul

The Future of Christ's Kingdom First Group of Epistles the First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians Introduction to the Epistles of Paul +Epistolary Writings. + --The
STUDY VII THE FUTURE OF CHRIST'S KINGDOM FIRST GROUP OF EPISTLES THE FIRST AND SECOND EPISTLES TO THE THESSALONIANS INTRODUCTION TO THE EPISTLES OF PAUL +Epistolary Writings.+--The New Testament is composed of twenty-seven books, twenty-one of which are Epistles. Of this latter number thirteen are ascribed to Paul. It is thus seen how largely the New Testament is made up of Epistles and how many of these are attributed to the Great Apostle. In the letters of men of great prominence and power of any
Henry T. Sell—Bible Studies in the Life of Paul

The Candour of the Writers of the New Testament.
I make this candour to consist in their putting down many passages, and noticing many circumstances, which no writer whatever was likely to have forged; and which no writer would have chosen to appear in his book who had been careful to present the story in the most unexceptionable form, or who had thought himself at liberty to carve and mould the particulars of that story according to his choice, or according to his judgment of the effect. A strong and well-known example of the fairness of the evangelists
William Paley—Evidences of Christianity

Moreover, if Discourse must be Bestowed Upon Any...
21. Moreover, if discourse must be bestowed upon any, and this so take up the speaker that he have not time to work with his hands, are all in the monastery able to hold discourse unto brethren which come unto them from another kind of life, whether it be to expound the divine lessons, or concerning any questions which may be put, to reason in an wholesome manner? Then since not all have the ability, why upon this pretext do all want to have nothing else to do? Although even if all were able, they
St. Augustine—Of the Work of Monks.

Here is the Sum of My Examination Before Justice Keelin, Justice Chester, Justice Blundale, Justice Beecher, Justice Snagg, Etc.
After I had lain in prison above seven weeks, the quarter-sessions were to be kept in Bedford, for the county thereof, unto which I was to be brought; and when my jailor had set me before those justices, there was a bill of indictment preferred against me. The extent thereof was as followeth: That John Bunyan, of the town of Bedford, labourer, being a person of such and such conditions, he hath (since such a time) devilishly and perniciously abstained from coming to church to hear Divine service,
John Bunyan—Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners

The Epistle to the Hebrews.
I. Commentaries on Hebrews by Chrysostom (d. 407, hermeneia, in 34 Homilies publ. after his death by an Antioch. presbyter, Constantinus); Theodoret (d. 457); Oecumenius (10th cent.); Theophylact (11th cent.); Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274); Erasmus (d. 1536, Annotationes in N. T., with his Greek Test., 1516 and often, and Paraphrasis in N. T., 1522 and often); Card. Cajetanus (Epistolae Pauli, etc., 1531); Calvin (d. 1564, Com. in omnes P. Ep. atque etiam in Ep. ad Hebraeos, 1539 and often, also Halle,
Philip Schaff—History of the Christian Church, Volume I

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