1 Samuel 20:33

Then Saul hurled his spear at Jonathan to kill him; so Jonathan knew that his father was determined to kill David.

Study Bible

Then Saul hurled his spear
The act of hurling a spear is a vivid depiction of Saul's intense anger and hostility. In Hebrew, the word for "hurled" is "שָׁלַךְ" (shalach), which conveys a sense of casting or throwing with force. This action is not just a moment of anger but a deliberate attempt to harm. Historically, spears were common weapons in ancient Israel, used both in warfare and as symbols of authority. Saul's use of the spear against his own son’s friend, David, underscores the depth of his jealousy and paranoia, which had been growing since David's rise in popularity and success.

at him to kill him
The phrase "to kill him" reveals Saul's murderous intent. The Hebrew word for "kill" is "מוּת" (muth), which means to put to death or to cause to die. This is not an act of discipline or correction but a premeditated attempt on David's life. Saul's actions are a stark contrast to the commandment "You shall not murder" (Exodus 20:13), highlighting his departure from God's law. This moment marks a significant moral and spiritual decline in Saul's reign as king, as he allows his personal vendetta to override his duty to God and his people.

So Jonathan knew
Jonathan's realization is pivotal. The Hebrew word for "knew" is "יָדַע" (yada), which implies a deep understanding or recognition. Jonathan, who had been loyal to both his father and David, now fully comprehends the extent of Saul's determination to kill David. This knowledge forces Jonathan to make a difficult choice between his father and his covenant with David. Jonathan's discernment and subsequent actions demonstrate his integrity and faithfulness, qualities that are highly esteemed in biblical narratives.

that his father was determined
The phrase "was determined" indicates a fixed resolve. The Hebrew root "חָפֵץ" (chaphets) suggests a strong desire or delight in something. Saul's determination to kill David is not a fleeting emotion but a settled intention. This determination is fueled by Saul's fear and jealousy, as he perceives David as a threat to his throne. Saul's fixation on David's destruction reveals the destructive power of unchecked sin and the lengths to which it can drive a person.

to kill David
David, the anointed future king of Israel, is the target of Saul's wrath. The Hebrew name "David" (דָּוִד) means "beloved," reflecting his favored status with God. David's life is marked by God's favor and protection, even in the face of Saul's relentless pursuit. This moment foreshadows the trials David will endure before ascending to the throne, highlighting the theme of God's providence and the testing of His chosen ones. David's survival and eventual kingship serve as a testament to God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises, despite human opposition.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Saul
The first king of Israel, anointed by the prophet Samuel. Saul's jealousy and fear of losing his kingdom lead him to attempt to kill David.

2. Jonathan
The son of King Saul and a close friend of David. Jonathan is caught between his loyalty to his father and his covenant friendship with David.

3. David
Anointed by Samuel to be the next king of Israel. David is a man after God's own heart, and his life is marked by faithfulness and trust in God despite being pursued by Saul.

4. The Spear
A symbol of Saul's violent intent and his descent into irrationality and rage. It represents the physical manifestation of Saul's inner turmoil and rejection of God's will.

5. The Event
This moment is a turning point where Jonathan fully realizes the extent of his father's intentions against David, solidifying his commitment to protect his friend.

Teaching Points

The Destructive Power of Jealousy
Saul's jealousy blinds him to God's plan and leads to destructive behavior. We must guard our hearts against jealousy, which can lead us away from God's will.

The Courage of True Friendship
Jonathan's loyalty to David, even at great personal risk, exemplifies the courage and selflessness required in true friendship. We are called to support and protect our friends, even when it is difficult.

Recognizing God's Sovereignty
Despite Saul's attempts to thwart God's plan, David's life is preserved. This reminds us that God's purposes will prevail, and we can trust in His sovereignty over our lives.

The Cost of Disobedience
Saul's disobedience to God leads to his downfall. We are reminded of the importance of obedience to God's commands and the consequences of turning away from Him.

The Role of Discernment
Jonathan's realization of his father's intentions highlights the need for discernment in our relationships and situations. We must seek God's wisdom to understand the true nature of the circumstances we face.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does Saul's jealousy and anger towards David reflect the dangers of allowing negative emotions to control our actions? Can you identify a situation in your life where jealousy might be affecting your decisions?

2. In what ways does Jonathan's friendship with David challenge us to be better friends? How can we apply this in our relationships today?

3. How does the account of Saul and David illustrate the importance of trusting in God's sovereignty, even when circumstances seem dire?

4. What lessons can we learn from Saul's disobedience and its consequences? How can we ensure that we remain obedient to God's will in our own lives?

5. How can we develop discernment like Jonathan to recognize the true intentions of those around us? What steps can we take to seek God's wisdom in our daily decisions?

Connections to Other Scriptures

1 Samuel 18:10-11
Earlier instances of Saul's attempts to kill David with a spear, showing a pattern of behavior driven by jealousy and fear.

Proverbs 27:4
Discusses the destructive nature of wrath and jealousy, which can be seen in Saul's actions towards David.

John 15:13
Highlights the theme of sacrificial friendship, as Jonathan risks his own safety to protect David, reflecting the love that Jesus speaks of.