1 Samuel 20:12

and Jonathan said, "By the LORD, the God of Israel, I will sound out my father by this time tomorrow or the next day. If he is favorable toward you, will I not send for you and tell you?

Study Bible

Then Jonathan said to David
This phrase introduces a pivotal moment in the narrative, highlighting the deep bond and covenant between Jonathan and David. Jonathan, the son of King Saul, is speaking to David, who is anointed to be the next king of Israel. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) often implies a declaration or a promise, underscoring the seriousness of Jonathan's commitment to David. This moment is a testament to their friendship and Jonathan's loyalty, even at the risk of his own position and safety.

By the LORD, the God of Israel
Jonathan invokes the name of the LORD (YHWH), the covenantal name of God, emphasizing the solemnity and sacredness of his promise. The phrase "the God of Israel" reinforces the national and spiritual identity of the Israelites, reminding us of God's ongoing relationship and covenant with His people. This invocation is not merely a formality; it is a binding oath that reflects Jonathan's deep faith and recognition of God's sovereignty over Israel and their personal lives.

I will surely sound out my father
The phrase "sound out" (Hebrew: חָקַר, chaqar) suggests a thorough investigation or inquiry. Jonathan is committed to discerning his father Saul's intentions towards David. This action requires wisdom and courage, as Jonathan must navigate the dangerous political landscape of his father's court. It highlights Jonathan's role as a mediator and protector, willing to take risks to ensure David's safety.

by this time tomorrow or the next day
This specific timeframe indicates the urgency and immediacy of the situation. Jonathan understands the gravity of the threat against David and is determined to act quickly. The mention of "tomorrow or the next day" reflects the uncertainty and tension of the moment, as well as Jonathan's resolve to provide David with timely information.

If he is favorably inclined toward you
Jonathan hopes for a positive outcome, where Saul's anger towards David has subsided. The phrase "favorably inclined" (Hebrew: טוֹב, tov) conveys a sense of goodness or well-being. Jonathan desires peace and reconciliation, reflecting his hope that his father will recognize David's loyalty and service to the kingdom.

will I not send you word and let you know?
Jonathan assures David of his commitment to communicate the outcome, emphasizing his reliability and trustworthiness. The repetition of "send you word and let you know" underscores the importance of the message and Jonathan's dedication to ensuring David's safety. This promise is a reflection of the covenantal relationship between Jonathan and David, rooted in mutual trust and divine purpose.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Jonathan
The son of King Saul and a close friend of David. Known for his loyalty and integrity, Jonathan plays a crucial role in protecting David from Saul's wrath.

2. David
The future king of Israel, anointed by Samuel. At this point, he is a fugitive, fleeing from King Saul's attempts to kill him.

3. Saul
The first king of Israel, who becomes increasingly paranoid and hostile towards David, seeing him as a threat to his throne.

4. The LORD, the God of Israel
The covenant God of Israel, invoked by Jonathan as a witness to his promise to David.

5. The Field
The setting of this conversation, where Jonathan and David meet to discuss Saul's intentions and plan David's safety.

Teaching Points

The Power of Covenant Friendship
Jonathan and David's relationship is a model of covenant friendship, characterized by loyalty, sacrifice, and mutual support. In our lives, we should seek to build relationships that reflect these values.

Faithfulness in Adversity
Jonathan's commitment to David, even at the risk of his own standing with his father, teaches us the importance of being faithful to our friends, especially in times of adversity.

Seeking God's Guidance
Jonathan invokes the LORD as a witness to his promise, reminding us to seek God's guidance and blessing in our commitments and decisions.

Courage to Stand for Righteousness
Jonathan's willingness to confront his father and protect David demonstrates the courage required to stand for righteousness, even when it is difficult.

Trust in God's Sovereignty
Despite the danger, both Jonathan and David trust in God's sovereignty over their lives. We are encouraged to trust God’s plan, even when circumstances seem uncertain.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does Jonathan's loyalty to David challenge us in our own friendships? Can you think of a time when you had to stand by a friend in difficult circumstances?

2. In what ways can we seek God's guidance in our relationships and commitments, as Jonathan did?

3. How does the concept of covenant friendship in the Bible compare to modern-day friendships? What can we learn from Jonathan and David's relationship?

4. What are some practical ways we can demonstrate courage and stand for righteousness in our daily lives, as Jonathan did?

5. How can we cultivate a deeper trust in God's sovereignty, especially when facing uncertain or challenging situations? Can you relate this to another biblical account or teaching?

Connections to Other Scriptures

1 Samuel 18:1-4
This passage describes the deep bond of friendship between Jonathan and David, highlighting the covenant they made with each other.

Proverbs 17:17
This verse speaks to the nature of true friendship, which is exemplified in Jonathan's actions towards David.

John 15:13
Jesus speaks of the greatest love being to lay down one's life for friends, a principle that Jonathan embodies in his willingness to protect David.