In the biblical context, the roles and statuses of wives and concubines are distinct yet interconnected, reflecting the cultural and societal norms of ancient times. The Scriptures provide numerous accounts and laws concerning these roles, offering insight into family structures and relationships in biblical history.

Wives

The concept of marriage is foundational in the Bible, beginning with the creation narrative in Genesis. God instituted marriage between Adam and Eve, establishing the pattern of a monogamous union: "For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh" (Genesis 2:24). This ideal of monogamy is reiterated throughout Scripture, with marriage often symbolizing the covenant relationship between God and His people.

Wives in the Bible are portrayed in various roles, from matriarchs like Sarah, Rebekah, and Rachel, to influential figures such as Deborah and Esther. Proverbs 31 provides a detailed description of a virtuous wife, emphasizing her industriousness, wisdom, and fear of the Lord: "A wife of noble character, who can find? She is far more precious than rubies" (Proverbs 31:10).

The New Testament further elaborates on the role of wives within the Christian household. Ephesians 5:22-24 instructs wives to submit to their husbands as to the Lord, reflecting the order and harmony intended in the marital relationship. This submission is not indicative of inferiority but rather a call to mutual respect and love, as husbands are likewise commanded to love their wives sacrificially, as Christ loved the church (Ephesians 5:25).

Concubines

Concubines in the Bible were women who had a recognized relationship with a man but held a lower status than a wife. This practice was common in ancient Near Eastern cultures and is documented in the lives of several biblical figures. While not explicitly endorsed by God, the presence of concubines is acknowledged in the Scriptures, often leading to familial strife and complications.

One of the most notable examples is King Solomon, who had 700 wives and 300 concubines (1 Kings 11:3). This accumulation of wives and concubines, particularly from foreign nations, led Solomon away from God, as they turned his heart toward other gods (1 Kings 11:4). The narrative serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of deviating from God's design for marriage.

Concubines could bear children and were often considered part of the household, yet their status was not equal to that of a wife. For instance, Abraham's concubine Hagar bore him a son, Ishmael, but her position in the family was secondary to Sarah, Abraham's wife (Genesis 16:1-4). Similarly, Jacob's concubines, Bilhah and Zilpah, bore him children, contributing to the twelve tribes of Israel, yet they were not regarded with the same status as his wives, Leah and Rachel (Genesis 30:1-13).

The presence of concubines in biblical narratives often highlights the complexities and challenges of polygamous relationships, underscoring the potential for conflict and division within families. While the Bible records these practices, it also points toward the ideal of monogamous marriage as established by God in the creation account.

In summary, the roles of wives and concubines in the Bible reflect the historical and cultural contexts of the times, with marriage being a central institution ordained by God. The Scriptures provide guidance on the sanctity and responsibilities of marriage, emphasizing love, respect, and fidelity as key components of the marital relationship.