The Thummim and Urim are ancient sacred objects associated with the high priestly garments in the Old Testament, specifically used for divination or seeking God's will. These objects are often mentioned together and are integral to the priestly function in Israelite worship and decision-making.

Biblical References and Description

The primary biblical references to the Thummim and Urim are found in the Pentateuch. In Exodus 28:30, God instructs Moses regarding the high priest's breastplate: "And place the Urim and the Thummim in the breastpiece of judgment, so that they will also be over Aaron’s heart whenever he enters the presence of the LORD. Thus Aaron will always carry the means of making decisions for the Israelites over his heart before the LORD" . This passage indicates that the Thummim and Urim were to be placed in the breastpiece of judgment, worn by the high priest, symbolizing their role in divine decision-making.

Leviticus 8:8 further confirms their placement: "Then he put the breastpiece on him and placed the Urim and Thummim in the breastpiece" . This act was part of the consecration of Aaron and his sons, emphasizing the sacred nature of these objects.

Function and Use

The exact nature and appearance of the Thummim and Urim are not detailed in Scripture, leading to various interpretations and theories. However, their primary function was to discern God's will in specific situations, often related to leadership and national decisions. Numbers 27:21 provides insight into their use: "He is to stand before Eleazar the priest, who will obtain decisions for him by the judgment of the Urim before the LORD. At his command, he and the entire community of the Israelites will go out and come in" . This indicates that the Thummim and Urim were used to seek divine guidance, particularly in matters of national importance.

In 1 Samuel 28:6, King Saul's inability to receive guidance through the Thummim and Urim is noted: "He inquired of the LORD, but the LORD did not answer him by dreams or Urim or prophets" . This highlights their role as a means of communication between God and His people, especially when other forms of revelation were silent.

Symbolism and Significance

The Thummim and Urim symbolize the divine authority and guidance bestowed upon the high priest, serving as a tangible representation of God's presence and decision-making power. Their placement over the heart of the high priest signifies the importance of seeking God's will with sincerity and integrity.

The names "Thummim" and "Urim" are often translated as "perfections" and "lights," respectively, though the exact meanings remain uncertain. This has led to interpretations that they represent the clarity and truth of God's guidance.

Historical and Theological Context

Throughout Israel's history, the Thummim and Urim were considered essential for maintaining a theocratic society where God directly influenced leadership and governance. Their use diminished after the establishment of the monarchy and the prophetic office, as seen in the later historical books where they are rarely mentioned.

Theologically, the Thummim and Urim underscore the belief in a God who is actively involved in the affairs of His people, providing guidance and direction. They reflect the high priest's mediatory role and the importance of seeking divine wisdom in all aspects of life.

In summary, while the Thummim and Urim remain somewhat mysterious in their exact nature and function, their significance in the biblical narrative is clear. They represent a unique aspect of Israelite worship and the divine-human relationship, emphasizing the need for divine guidance and the sacred responsibility of the priesthood.