The Sur Gate and the Gate Behind the Guards are mentioned in the context of the events surrounding the reign of King Joash (also known as Jehoash) of Judah, particularly in the narrative of his ascension to the throne. These gates are part of the architectural and historical setting of the Temple and the royal palace in Jerusalem during the period of the divided monarchy.

Biblical References:

The primary reference to these gates is found in 2 Kings 11:6 and 2 Chronicles 23:5. These passages describe the strategic planning of Jehoiada the priest in protecting the young Joash from the murderous intentions of Queen Athaliah and in orchestrating his coronation as king.

2 Kings 11:6 states: "a third are to be at the Sur Gate, and a third at the gate behind the guards. You are to take turns guarding the temple."

2 Chronicles 23:5 provides a similar account: "a third are to be at the king’s palace, a third at the Foundation Gate, and all the people are to be in the courtyards of the house of the LORD."

Historical and Cultural Context:

The Sur Gate and the Gate Behind the Guards were part of the defensive and ceremonial infrastructure of Jerusalem. The Sur Gate, also referred to as the "Gate of the Foundation" in some translations, was likely a significant entry point to the Temple complex or the royal precincts. The Gate Behind the Guards suggests a location associated with the royal bodyguards, indicating its importance in the security arrangements of the palace.

During the time of Joash, the political and religious climate in Judah was tense. Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, had seized power after the death of her son, King Ahaziah, and sought to eliminate the Davidic line. Jehoiada's plan to install Joash as king involved careful coordination and the use of these gates to control access and ensure the safety of the young king and those loyal to him.

Theological Significance:

The events at the Sur Gate and the Gate Behind the Guards highlight themes of divine providence and covenant faithfulness. The preservation of the Davidic line through Joash is seen as a fulfillment of God's promises to David, ensuring that his descendants would continue to rule over Israel. This narrative underscores the importance of righteous leadership and the role of faithful individuals, like Jehoiada, in upholding God's covenant.

The strategic use of these gates in the narrative also reflects the broader biblical theme of God's protection over His chosen people and His sovereign control over historical events. The successful enthronement of Joash, despite Athaliah's usurpation, serves as a testament to God's ability to preserve His purposes and promises amidst human schemes and political turmoil.

Archaeological Insights:

While specific archaeological evidence directly identifying the Sur Gate and the Gate Behind the Guards has not been conclusively found, ongoing excavations in Jerusalem continue to shed light on the city's ancient fortifications and gate systems. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the historical and geographical context of biblical events, offering insights into the urban layout and defensive strategies of ancient Jerusalem.

In summary, the Sur Gate and the Gate Behind the Guards are integral to the biblical account of Joash's rise to kingship, symbolizing God's providential care and the fulfillment of His covenant promises through the preservation of the Davidic dynasty.