The term "kings of the western foothills" refers to a coalition of Canaanite rulers who inhabited the lowland regions west of the central highlands of ancient Israel. These areas, often referred to as the Shephelah, were strategically significant due to their fertile lands and proximity to major trade routes. The Shephelah served as a buffer zone between the coastal plains and the central hill country, making it a contested region throughout biblical history.

Biblical Context

The kings of the western foothills are prominently mentioned in the context of the Israelite conquest of Canaan under Joshua's leadership. In the Book of Joshua, these kings are part of the broader coalition of Canaanite rulers who opposed the Israelites as they sought to take possession of the Promised Land.

In Joshua 10, the narrative describes how Adoni-Zedek, king of Jerusalem, formed an alliance with other Amorite kings, including those from Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon, to attack Gibeon, a city that had made peace with Israel. The text states:

"So the five kings of the Amorites—the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon—joined forces, advanced with all their armies, and camped by Gibeon to fight against it." (Joshua 10:5)

Joshua's response to this coalition was swift and decisive. He led a surprise attack against the confederation, aided by divine intervention, as the Lord threw the enemy into confusion and sent hailstones from heaven to defeat them. The miraculous event of the sun standing still is also recorded in this chapter, emphasizing the divine support for Israel's cause.

Historical and Geographical Significance

The western foothills, or Shephelah, were characterized by rolling hills and fertile valleys, making them ideal for agriculture and settlement. The region's cities, such as Lachish and Eglon, were fortified centers that played crucial roles in the defense and administration of the area.

Throughout the biblical narrative, the Shephelah served as a battleground between various powers, including the Israelites, Philistines, and later, the Assyrians and Babylonians. The control of this region was vital for maintaining influence over the surrounding territories and securing trade routes.

Theological Implications

The account of the kings of the western foothills highlights several theological themes central to the biblical narrative. First, it underscores the sovereignty of God in the affairs of nations, as He orchestrates events to fulfill His promises to Israel. The miraculous victory at Gibeon serves as a testament to God's power and faithfulness.

Second, the narrative illustrates the concept of divine judgment against the Canaanite nations, who are depicted as opposing God's purposes. The defeat of these kings is portrayed as part of the broader divine mandate for Israel to occupy the land promised to their forefathers.

Lastly, the account of the kings of the western foothills serves as a reminder of the importance of faith and obedience. Joshua's leadership and reliance on God's guidance are presented as models for the Israelites, encouraging them to trust in the Lord's provision and protection as they settle in the land.