Er and Onan in the Biblical Narrative

Er and Onan are two sons of Judah, the fourth son of Jacob and Leah, as recorded in the Book of Genesis. Their account is found in Genesis 38, a chapter that provides a narrative interlude in the account of Joseph's life. Judah, after leaving his brothers, marries the daughter of a Canaanite man named Shua, and she bears him three sons: Er, Onan, and Shelah.

Er's Wickedness and Death

Er, the firstborn of Judah, is introduced in Genesis 38:6-7: "Now Judah acquired a wife for Er, his firstborn, and her name was Tamar. But Er, Judah’s firstborn, was wicked in the sight of the LORD; so the LORD put him to death." The text does not specify the nature of Er's wickedness, but it is clear that his actions were grievous enough to warrant divine judgment. This act of divine retribution underscores the seriousness with which God views sin and the moral expectations placed upon His people.

Onan's Disobedience and Death

Following Er's death, Judah instructs his second son, Onan, to fulfill the duty of a brother-in-law by marrying Tamar and producing offspring for his deceased brother. This practice, known as levirate marriage, was a customary obligation intended to preserve the family line and inheritance. Genesis 38:8-10 describes Onan's actions: "Then Judah said to Onan, 'Sleep with your brother’s wife and fulfill your duty to her as a brother-in-law to raise up offspring for your brother.' But Onan knew that the offspring would not be his; so whenever he slept with his brother’s wife, he spilled his seed on the ground to avoid providing offspring for his brother. What he did was wicked in the sight of the LORD, so He put Onan to death as well."

Onan's refusal to fulfill his duty was not merely an act of personal defiance but a direct violation of the familial and societal responsibilities expected of him. His actions demonstrated a selfish disregard for his brother's legacy and the well-being of Tamar. The Lord's response to Onan's disobedience was swift and severe, highlighting the importance of faithfulness and obedience to God's commands.

Theological Implications

The deaths of Er and Onan serve as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and disobedience. Their account illustrates the seriousness with which God regards moral conduct and the responsibilities inherent in familial relationships. The narrative also emphasizes the importance of upholding God's laws and the potential repercussions of failing to do so.

In the broader context of Scripture, the account of Er and Onan foreshadows the ongoing theme of God's justice and mercy. While their deaths are a testament to divine judgment, the continuation of Judah's line through Tamar ultimately leads to the birth of Perez, an ancestor of King David and, ultimately, Jesus Christ. This lineage underscores God's sovereign plan and His ability to bring redemption and purpose out of human failure.