Background:
Nehemiah, a Jewish exile, served as the cupbearer to King Artaxerxes I of Persia during the 5th century BC. This position was one of significant trust and influence, as the cupbearer was responsible for tasting and serving wine to the king, ensuring it was not poisoned. Nehemiah's account is recorded in the Book of Nehemiah, which is part of the historical books of the Old Testament.

Context:
The narrative of Nehemiah's request to the king is set against the backdrop of the Jewish exiles' return to Jerusalem. Despite the initial return under Zerubbabel and the subsequent efforts by Ezra, the city of Jerusalem remained in a state of disrepair, with its walls broken down and its gates burned. This left the city vulnerable to attack and its inhabitants in distress.

The Request:
In the twentieth year of King Artaxerxes' reign, Nehemiah received a report from his brother Hanani and other men from Judah about the dire state of Jerusalem. Deeply moved by the news, Nehemiah mourned, fasted, and prayed to the God of heaven, confessing the sins of Israel and seeking God's favor.

Nehemiah 2:1-5 describes the pivotal moment when Nehemiah approached the king with his request:

"In the month of Nisan, in the twentieth year of King Artaxerxes, when wine was brought before him, I took the wine and gave it to the king. I had never been sad in his presence before, so the king asked me, 'Why is your face sad, though you are not ill? This can be nothing but sadness of heart.' Then I was very much afraid, but I said to the king, 'May the king live forever! Why should my face not be sad when the city where my fathers are buried lies in ruins, and its gates have been destroyed by fire?' The king said to me, 'What is your request?' So I prayed to the God of heaven and answered the king, 'If it pleases the king and if your servant has found favor in your sight, let him send me to the city in Judah where my fathers are buried, so that I may rebuild it.'"

Significance:
Nehemiah's request to the king is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it demonstrates Nehemiah's deep concern for his ancestral homeland and his commitment to the welfare of his people. His willingness to leave a prestigious position in the Persian court to undertake the arduous task of rebuilding Jerusalem highlights his dedication and leadership.

Secondly, Nehemiah's approach to the king is marked by wisdom and tact. He begins by expressing loyalty to the king, which would have been crucial in a court where any perceived disloyalty could result in severe consequences. His immediate prayer to God before responding to the king underscores his reliance on divine guidance and favor.

Finally, the king's favorable response, granting Nehemiah permission to return to Jerusalem and providing him with letters of safe passage and resources, illustrates the providential hand of God in the affairs of His people. Nehemiah's successful request set the stage for the rebuilding of Jerusalem's walls, a critical step in the restoration of the Jewish community and their religious life.

Theological Implications:
Nehemiah's account is often seen as a testament to the power of prayer, faith, and godly leadership. His example encourages believers to seek God's guidance in all endeavors, to act with integrity and courage, and to trust in God's sovereignty over the hearts of rulers and nations.