Biblical Context:
The account of Haman's sons being hanged is found in the Book of Esther, specifically in Esther 9:7-10, 12-14. This event occurs during the reign of King Xerxes (Ahasuerus) of Persia and is a pivotal moment in the narrative of Esther, which highlights the deliverance of the Jewish people from a plot to annihilate them.

Historical Background:
Haman, an Agagite and a high-ranking official in the Persian Empire, harbored intense animosity towards the Jews, particularly Mordecai, a Jew who refused to bow to him. Haman devised a plan to destroy all the Jews in the empire, casting lots (Purim) to determine the date of their destruction. However, through the courage and intervention of Queen Esther, who was herself Jewish, the plot was exposed to King Xerxes. The king authorized the Jews to defend themselves against their enemies.

The Event:
On the day that was originally set for their destruction, the Jews gained mastery over those who hated them. Esther 9:6-10 records the defeat of their enemies in the citadel of Susa, where the Jews killed and destroyed five hundred men, including the ten sons of Haman: Parshandatha, Dalphon, Aspatha, Poratha, Adalia, Aridatha, Parmashta, Arisai, Aridai, and Vaizatha.

Scriptural Account:
The Berean Standard Bible provides the following account in Esther 9:12-14:

"The king said to Queen Esther, 'In the citadel of Susa, the Jews have killed and destroyed five hundred men, including the ten sons of Haman. What have they done in the rest of the king’s provinces? Now what is your petition? It will be given to you. What is your further request? It will be fulfilled.'

Esther replied, 'If it pleases the king, may the Jews in Susa also have tomorrow to carry out today’s edict, and may the bodies of Haman’s ten sons be hanged on the gallows.'

So the king commanded that this be done. An edict was issued in Susa, and they hanged the ten sons of Haman."

Theological Significance:
The hanging of Haman's sons serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of enmity against God's chosen people. It underscores the theme of divine justice and retribution found throughout the Scriptures. The narrative illustrates the reversal of fortunes, where those who sought to destroy the Jews faced destruction themselves. This event is celebrated during the Jewish festival of Purim, which commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people and the downfall of their enemies.

Moral and Ethical Considerations:
From a moral perspective, the account raises questions about justice, retribution, and the ethics of warfare. The hanging of Haman's sons, though harsh, is seen within the context of ancient Near Eastern practices of justice and the necessity of eradicating threats to the survival of the Jewish people. It reflects the biblical principle that those who plot evil against God's people ultimately face divine judgment.

Cultural and Liturgical Impact:
The account of Haman's sons being hanged is integral to the celebration of Purim, a time of joy and remembrance for the Jewish community. It serves as a historical reminder of God's providence and protection over His people. The reading of the Book of Esther during Purim includes the recitation of the names of Haman's sons, emphasizing the complete victory over their adversaries.