The Edomites, descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother, were a significant group in the ancient Near East, often interacting with the Israelites. The Bible provides various insights into the religious practices and deities of Edom, although specific details about their gods are somewhat limited. The Edomites, like many of their neighbors, practiced a polytheistic religion, worshiping multiple deities.

Historical Context

Edom was located to the southeast of Israel, in a region that is now part of modern-day Jordan. The Edomites were closely related to the Israelites, as both were descendants of Isaac. Despite this kinship, the two nations often found themselves in conflict. The Edomites' religious practices were influenced by the broader Canaanite and Mesopotamian cultures, which were characterized by the worship of a pantheon of gods.

Key Deities

1. Qos (Qaus or Qos): The primary deity of the Edomites was Qos, who is often considered the national god of Edom. While the Bible does not explicitly mention Qos, extra-biblical sources and archaeological findings have identified him as a significant figure in Edomite religion. Qos is sometimes associated with the storm god, similar to Baal in Canaanite religion, and may have been seen as a god of war and weather.

2. Baal: Like many of their neighbors, the Edomites likely worshiped Baal, a prominent Canaanite deity. Baal was a god of fertility, rain, and agriculture, and his worship was widespread in the region. The Israelites frequently encountered Baal worship among their neighbors, and it was a recurring challenge to their monotheistic faith.

3. Asherah: Asherah, a mother goddess and consort of El in Canaanite mythology, may have also been venerated by the Edomites. Her worship often involved sacred poles or trees, known as Asherah poles, which were condemned by the Israelite prophets.

Biblical References

While the Bible does not provide extensive details about the specific gods of Edom, it does mention the Edomites and their religious practices in several passages. The Israelites were warned against adopting the idolatrous practices of their neighbors, including the Edomites. In 2 Chronicles 25:14, we read about King Amaziah of Judah, who, after defeating the Edomites, brought back their gods and worshiped them, provoking the LORD's anger: "When Amaziah returned from slaughtering the Edomites, he brought back the gods of the people of Seir, set them up as his own gods, bowed down to them, and burned sacrifices to them."

Religious Practices

The Edomites, like other ancient Near Eastern peoples, likely engaged in various religious rituals, including sacrifices, festivals, and possibly divination. Their worship would have been conducted at high places, altars, and temples dedicated to their deities. The influence of Edomite religion on Israel is evident in the repeated warnings against idolatry and the worship of foreign gods.

Interactions with Israel

The relationship between Israel and Edom was complex, marked by both kinship and conflict. The Israelites were often tempted to adopt the religious practices of their neighbors, including the Edomites. The prophets of Israel consistently called the people back to exclusive worship of Yahweh, condemning the influence of foreign gods. The Edomites' worship of their gods is seen as part of the broader challenge of idolatry that Israel faced throughout its history.

In summary, while the Bible does not provide a detailed account of the gods of Edom, it is clear that the Edomites, like many of their contemporaries, practiced a polytheistic religion that included the worship of deities such as Qos, Baal, and possibly Asherah. The influence of these religious practices on Israel is evident in the biblical narrative, which frequently addresses the challenges posed by idolatry and the worship of foreign gods.