The term "Four Kings" in the Bible is most prominently associated with the narrative found in Genesis 14, which describes a coalition of four Mesopotamian kings who waged war against the cities of the plain, including Sodom and Gomorrah. This event is significant in the biblical narrative as it involves Abram (later Abraham) and highlights his role as a protector and intercessor.

The Four Kings and Their Campaign

The four kings mentioned in Genesis 14 are:

1. Amraphel, King of Shinar: Often identified with the region of Babylon, Shinar is a significant location in the early chapters of Genesis, including the account of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:2). Amraphel's participation in the coalition suggests the involvement of a powerful Mesopotamian force.

2. Arioch, King of Ellasar: Ellasar is less clearly identified, but it is generally considered to be a city-state in southern Mesopotamia. Arioch's alliance with the other kings indicates a broader regional cooperation against the cities of the plain.

3. Chedorlaomer, King of Elam: Chedorlaomer is presented as the leader of the coalition. Elam was an ancient kingdom located to the east of Mesopotamia, in what is now southwestern Iran. Chedorlaomer's leadership role underscores the prominence of Elam in this military campaign.

4. Tidal, King of Goiim: The term "Goiim" is often translated as "nations" or "peoples," suggesting that Tidal may have been a ruler over a confederation of tribes or a region with diverse ethnic groups.

These kings formed an alliance to subdue the rebellious cities of the plain, which had been under their dominion for twelve years. In the thirteenth year, the cities rebelled, prompting the four kings to launch a punitive expedition.

The Battle and Abram's Intervention

The campaign of the four kings is described in Genesis 14:5-7, where they defeated several groups in the region, including the Rephaim, Zuzim, Emim, and Horites. Their military success culminated in the defeat of the kings of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboiim, and Bela (Zoar) in the Valley of Siddim.

Genesis 14:11-12 states, "The four kings seized all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah and all their food, and they went on their way. They also carried off Abram’s nephew Lot and his possessions, since he was living in Sodom."

Abram's response to the capture of his nephew Lot is a pivotal moment in the narrative. Upon hearing of Lot's capture, Abram mobilized 318 trained men from his household and pursued the four kings as far as Dan. In a surprise night attack, Abram and his allies defeated the coalition, rescuing Lot and recovering the plundered goods (Genesis 14:14-16).

Theological and Historical Significance

The account of the four kings and Abram's subsequent victory is rich with theological implications. It demonstrates God's providence and protection over Abram, who is depicted as a righteous and courageous leader. This event also foreshadows the future role of Israel as a nation that would stand against larger and more powerful adversaries through divine assistance.

Furthermore, the narrative introduces Melchizedek, the king of Salem and priest of God Most High, who blesses Abram and receives a tithe from him (Genesis 14:18-20). This encounter highlights the recognition of Abram's divine mission and the acknowledgment of God's sovereignty by a non-Israelite priest-king.

Historically, the account reflects the complex political landscape of the ancient Near East, where city-states and regional powers frequently engaged in warfare and alliances. The mention of specific kings and regions provides valuable insights into the geopolitical dynamics of the time.

In summary, the account of the four kings in Genesis 14 is a foundational episode that underscores themes of faith, divine intervention, and the unfolding of God's covenantal promises through Abram.