The Edomites, descendants of Esau, were a significant group in the biblical narrative, often interacting with the Israelites and other neighboring nations. Throughout the Old Testament, Edom is depicted as having various alliances and enmities, reflecting the complex political landscape of the ancient Near East.

Historical Context

Edom was located to the southeast of Israel, in a region that is now part of modern-day Jordan. The Edomites were known for their wisdom and strategic location along trade routes, which often brought them into contact with other nations. Their relationship with Israel was marked by both kinship and conflict, as Esau was the brother of Jacob (Israel).

Biblical References to Edom's Allies

1. Babylon: In the prophetic literature, Edom is sometimes associated with Babylon. Psalm 137:7 records the Edomites' encouragement of Babylon's destruction of Jerusalem: "Remember, O LORD, the sons of Edom on the day Jerusalem fell: 'Tear it down,' they cried, 'tear it down to its foundations!'"

2. Moab and Ammon: Edom, Moab, and Ammon are frequently mentioned together, suggesting a regional alliance or at least a shared cultural and political milieu. Jeremiah 27:3 speaks of these nations sending envoys to Zedekiah, king of Judah, indicating a level of cooperation or mutual interest: "Send word to the kings of Edom, Moab, Ammon, Tyre, and Sidon through the envoys who have come to Jerusalem to Zedekiah king of Judah."

3. Philistia: The Philistines, like the Edomites, were often in conflict with Israel. While not explicitly stated as allies, their shared opposition to Israel suggests a potential for cooperation. Amos 1:6-8 condemns both Philistia and Edom for their transgressions, indicating a possible alignment in their actions against Israel.

4. Arab Tribes: The Edomites had interactions with various Arab tribes, as suggested by their geographical proximity and shared interests. Ezekiel 25:13 mentions God's judgment on Edom, extending to the Dedanites, a group associated with Arabian tribes: "Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: I will stretch out My hand against Edom, cut off its people and animals, and lay it waste; from Teman to Dedan they will fall by the sword."

Prophetic Condemnations and Alliances

The prophets frequently condemned Edom for its actions against Israel, often highlighting its alliances with other nations as part of its transgressions. Obadiah 1:11 specifically accuses Edom of standing aloof while foreigners entered Jerusalem: "On the day you stood aloof while strangers carried off his wealth and foreigners entered his gates and cast lots for Jerusalem, you were just like one of them."

Conclusion

The alliances of Edom, as depicted in the Bible, reflect a nation deeply intertwined with the political and military affairs of its neighbors. These alliances often positioned Edom in opposition to Israel, leading to prophetic judgments and historical conflicts. The biblical narrative portrays Edom's alliances as both a source of strength and a reason for divine condemnation, emphasizing the moral and spiritual dimensions of its political choices.