Revelation 12:1

And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed in the sun, with the moon under her feet and a crown of twelve stars on her head.

Study Bible

And a great sign appeared in heaven
The phrase "a great sign" indicates a significant and symbolic event, not a literal occurrence. In the Greek, the word for "sign" is "σημεῖον" (sēmeion), which often denotes a miraculous or divine indication. This sign is "great," suggesting its importance in the unfolding of God's plan. The location "in heaven" implies a divine origin and perspective, setting the stage for a revelation of cosmic significance. This heavenly sign serves as a prelude to the spiritual warfare and redemption narrative that follows.

a woman clothed with the sun
The "woman" is a central figure in this vision, and her description is rich with symbolism. Being "clothed with the sun" suggests glory, radiance, and divine favor. The sun, in biblical symbolism, often represents righteousness and the presence of God (Malachi 4:2). The Greek word for "clothed" is "περιβεβλημένη" (peribeblēmenē), indicating being enveloped or fully covered, which emphasizes the woman's complete association with divine light and purity. This imagery can be interpreted as representing Israel, the Church, or even Mary, the mother of Jesus, depending on theological perspectives.

with the moon under her feet
The "moon under her feet" signifies dominion and victory. In ancient cultures, the moon was often associated with change and the passage of time. By having the moon under her feet, the woman is depicted as transcending temporal changes and earthly cycles, symbolizing stability and eternal truth. This imagery may also reflect the fulfillment of God's promises, as the moon is a lesser light compared to the sun, indicating the subjugation of lesser powers under divine authority.

and a crown of twelve stars on her head
The "crown" (Greek "στέφανος," stephanos) is a symbol of victory and honor. The "twelve stars" are often interpreted as representing the twelve tribes of Israel or the twelve apostles, signifying the people of God. This crown indicates the woman's authority and her role as a representative of God's covenant people. The number twelve is significant in biblical numerology, often associated with completeness and divine governance. The imagery of the crown and stars highlights the woman's exalted status and her integral role in God's redemptive plan.

Persons / Places / Events

1. The Woman
Symbolically represents God's people, often interpreted as Israel or the Church. The imagery of being "clothed with the sun" suggests glory, radiance, and divine favor.

2. The Sun
Represents glory and righteousness. In biblical symbolism, the sun often signifies God's presence and the light of His truth.

3. The Moon
Positioned under the woman's feet, it may symbolize dominion or the temporal nature of earthly things in contrast to the eternal.

4. The Crown of Twelve Stars
Represents the twelve tribes of Israel or the twelve apostles, indicating completeness and divine authority.

5. Heaven
The setting of the vision, indicating that the events have a divine origin and significance.

Teaching Points

Symbolism of Divine Favor
The woman's attire and position signify God's favor and protection over His people. Believers can find assurance in God's sovereign care and purpose for His Church.

The Role of God's People
The imagery of the woman highlights the significant role of God's people in His redemptive plan. We are called to reflect His glory and truth in the world.

Victory Over Temporal Powers
The moon under the woman's feet symbolizes victory over earthly and temporal powers. Christians are reminded of their ultimate triumph in Christ.

Unity and Completeness in Christ
The crown of twelve stars signifies unity and completeness. Believers are encouraged to seek unity within the body of Christ, reflecting the completeness found in Him.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the imagery of the woman clothed with the sun inspire you to reflect God's glory in your daily life?

2. In what ways can the symbolism of the moon under the woman's feet encourage you to overcome worldly challenges?

3. How does the crown of twelve stars remind you of the importance of unity within the Church?

4. What connections can you draw between the woman in Revelation 12:1 and the Church's role in God's redemptive plan?

5. How can the assurance of God's favor and protection, as depicted in this verse, impact your faith and trust in Him during difficult times?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Genesis 37:9-11
Joseph's dream, where the sun, moon, and stars bow to him, connects to the imagery of the woman, suggesting a link to Israel and God's covenant people.

Isaiah 60:1-3
The imagery of light and glory parallels the woman's radiance, emphasizing God's glory shining upon His people.

Galatians 4:26
Paul refers to the "Jerusalem above" as our mother, connecting to the idea of the woman as a representation of God's people.