Have mercy on me
The Hebrew word for "mercy" here is "חָנַן" (chanan), which conveys a deep sense of grace and favor. In the context of ancient Israel, mercy was not merely a passive feeling but an active intervention by God to alleviate suffering or forgive sin. This plea for mercy is a recognition of human frailty and the need for divine intervention. It reflects a heart that is contrite and aware of its own shortcomings, seeking the unmerited favor of God.

O God
The term "God" in Hebrew is "אֱלֹהִים" (Elohim), a plural form that denotes majesty and power. It is a reminder of the sovereignty and omnipotence of the Creator. In the context of this psalm, it emphasizes the psalmist's appeal to the ultimate authority, the one who has the power to forgive and restore. This invocation of God acknowledges His supreme ability to transform and renew.

according to Your loving devotion
The phrase "loving devotion" is translated from the Hebrew word "חֶסֶד" (chesed), which is often rendered as "steadfast love" or "covenant loyalty." It is a central theme in the Hebrew Bible, representing God's unwavering commitment to His people. This appeal is not based on the psalmist's merit but on God's faithful character. It underscores the covenant relationship between God and His people, where His love is both enduring and reliable.

according to Your great compassion
"Compassion" in Hebrew is "רַחֲמִים" (rachamim), which is derived from the root word for "womb," suggesting a deep, nurturing love akin to that of a mother for her child. This term conveys a profound sense of empathy and care. The psalmist appeals to God's immense compassion, recognizing that it is vast and boundless. This compassion is a source of hope and comfort, assuring the believer of God's tender care and willingness to forgive.

blot out my transgressions
The phrase "blot out" comes from the Hebrew "מָחָה" (machah), meaning to wipe away or erase. It evokes the image of removing a stain or blemish, signifying complete forgiveness and cleansing. "Transgressions" is translated from "פֶּשַׁע" (pesha), which refers to rebellious acts or willful disobedience. The psalmist is not merely asking for a superficial pardon but for a thorough cleansing of his sins. This request highlights the transformative power of God's forgiveness, which can completely remove the guilt and shame of sin, restoring the sinner to a state of purity and righteousness.

Wash me
The phrase "Wash me" in Psalm 51:2 is a plea for purification and cleansing. In the Hebrew text, the word used is "kabac," which refers to the washing of clothes, a thorough cleansing process. This imagery suggests a deep, transformative cleansing that goes beyond the surface, indicating the psalmist's desire for God to remove the stain of sin completely. Historically, washing was a significant ritual in Jewish culture, symbolizing purification and readiness to enter God's presence. This plea reflects a heart yearning for spiritual renewal and restoration.

clean of my iniquity
The word "clean" in this context is derived from the Hebrew "taher," which means to be pure or free from defilement. "Iniquity" refers to moral perversity or sin, derived from the Hebrew "avon," which implies a twisting or distortion of what is right. The psalmist acknowledges the depth of his moral failings and seeks divine intervention to be made pure. This reflects a profound understanding of sin's impact on one's relationship with God and the necessity of divine grace for true cleansing.

and cleanse me from my sin
The term "cleanse" here is "taher" in Hebrew, similar to "clean," emphasizing the need for purification. "Sin" is translated from "chatta'ah," which denotes an offense or a missing of the mark. The repetition of the plea for cleansing underscores the psalmist's earnest desire for forgiveness and restoration. In the broader scriptural context, this reflects the biblical theme of repentance and the transformative power of God's forgiveness. The psalmist's request is not just for forgiveness but for a complete renewal of the heart and spirit, aligning with the Christian understanding of sanctification through Christ.

For I know
The Hebrew word for "know" here is "יָדַע" (yada), which implies an intimate, personal understanding. This is not merely an intellectual acknowledgment but a deep, experiential awareness. In the context of Psalm 51, David is expressing a profound recognition of his moral failure. This knowledge is not abstract; it is a heartfelt realization of his wrongdoing. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the importance of personal conviction and awareness of sin as the first step towards repentance and reconciliation with God.

my transgressions
The term "transgressions" comes from the Hebrew "פֶּשַׁע" (pesha), which refers to rebellion or a willful violation of God's law. This word choice underscores the gravity of David's actions, acknowledging that his sins are not mere mistakes but deliberate acts of disobedience. Historically, David's transgressions, particularly his sin with Bathsheba and the subsequent murder of Uriah, are well-documented in the biblical narrative. This acknowledgment of transgressions is crucial in the conservative Christian understanding of sin, emphasizing the need for confession and the seriousness of rebelling against God's commandments.

and my sin
The Hebrew word for "sin" is "חַטָּאָה" (chatta'ah), which means to miss the mark. This term conveys the idea of falling short of God's standards. In the broader scriptural context, sin is seen as a universal human condition, as all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23). David's use of "my sin" personalizes this condition, showing his ownership and responsibility for his actions. This personal ownership is a key aspect of repentance in the conservative Christian tradition, where acknowledging one's sin is essential for seeking God's forgiveness.

is always before me
The phrase "is always before me" indicates a continual awareness and presence of sin in David's life. The Hebrew word "תָּמִיד" (tamid) suggests something that is constant and unceasing. This reflects the inescapable nature of guilt and the burden of unconfessed sin. In the historical context, David's sin had far-reaching consequences, affecting his family and kingdom. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this phrase serves as a reminder of the persistent nature of sin and the need for ongoing repentance and reliance on God's grace for cleansing and restoration. It underscores the importance of living a life of continual self-examination and humility before God.

Against You, You only, have I sinned
This phrase emphasizes the personal nature of sin as an offense against God Himself. The Hebrew word for "sinned" is "חָטָאתִי" (chata'ti), which conveys the idea of missing the mark or failing to meet God's standards. In the historical context, King David acknowledges that, despite the human consequences of his actions, the ultimate transgression is against God. This highlights the gravity of sin in a believer's life, reminding us that our actions are first and foremost a breach of our relationship with the Divine.

and done what is evil in Your sight
The phrase "done what is evil" uses the Hebrew word "רַע" (ra), meaning something that is morally wrong or wicked. This confession underscores the understanding that God's perspective is the ultimate measure of morality. The historical context of David's sin with Bathsheba and the murder of Uriah illustrates the depth of his wrongdoing. By acknowledging that his actions are evil in God's sight, David demonstrates a heart of repentance, recognizing that God's view is the only one that truly matters.

so that You may be justified in Your sentence
Here, the word "justified" comes from the Hebrew "צָדַק" (tsadaq), meaning to be righteous or in the right. David acknowledges that God's judgment is fair and righteous. This reflects a deep understanding of God's justice and holiness. In the scriptural context, it is a recognition that God's decisions and judgments are always perfect and just, even when they involve discipline or punishment for sin.

and blameless when You judge
The term "blameless" is translated from the Hebrew "זַךְ" (zakh), which means pure or free from guilt. This phrase reinforces the idea that God's judgments are without fault or error. In the broader biblical narrative, it is a reminder of God's perfect nature and His ability to judge rightly. David's admission here is an act of humility, acknowledging that any judgment from God is deserved and that God remains pure and holy in His judgments.

Surely I was sinful at birth
This phrase begins with the Hebrew word "hen," often translated as "surely" or "behold," which serves to emphasize the certainty and gravity of the statement. The psalmist, traditionally understood to be King David, acknowledges his inherent sinfulness from the very beginning of his existence. The word "sinful" is derived from the Hebrew "chata," which means to miss the mark or to err. This confession reflects the doctrine of original sin, a concept that suggests all humans inherit a sinful nature due to the fall of Adam and Eve. The phrase "at birth" underscores the idea that this sinful nature is not acquired through actions but is an intrinsic part of human existence from the moment of birth.

sinful from the time my mother conceived me
The repetition of the word "sinful" in this phrase reinforces the depth of the psalmist's acknowledgment of his inherent sinfulness. The Hebrew word "yacham," translated as "conceived," indicates the very moment of conception, suggesting that sinfulness is not merely a result of one's environment or upbringing but is present from the very inception of life. This aligns with the biblical narrative of humanity's fallen state and the need for divine redemption. The mention of "my mother" personalizes the confession, making it not just a theological statement but a deeply personal acknowledgment of one's own need for God's mercy and grace. This phrase invites believers to reflect on the pervasive nature of sin and the profound need for a Savior, encouraging a posture of humility and repentance before God.

Surely You desire
The phrase "Surely You desire" begins with an affirmation of God's expectations. The Hebrew word for "desire" is "chaphets," which conveys a deep longing or delight. This suggests that God's desire is not a mere preference but a profound yearning for His creation to embody His values. In the context of the psalm, David acknowledges that God's standards are not superficial but deeply rooted in the essence of who we are. This reflects the conservative Christian belief that God's moral law is absolute and unchanging, and His desires for humanity are consistent with His holy nature.

truth
in this context is translated from the Hebrew word "emet," which signifies reliability, faithfulness, and stability. It is not merely factual accuracy but encompasses integrity and sincerity. In the biblical narrative, truth is a fundamental attribute of God's character, and His followers are called to reflect this truth in their lives. The conservative Christian perspective emphasizes that truth is not relative but is grounded in the nature of God Himself, who is the ultimate standard of truth.

in the inmost being
refers to the deepest part of a person, often translated from the Hebrew word "tuchah," which means the hidden or secret parts. This phrase underscores the idea that God is not interested in mere external compliance but seeks authenticity and integrity at the core of our being. The "inmost being" is where true transformation occurs, and it is here that God desires His truth to reside. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this highlights the importance of inner purity and the transformative work of the Holy Spirit in sanctifying believers from the inside out.

You teach me wisdom in the inmost place
The phrase "You teach me" indicates an active, ongoing process of instruction from God. The Hebrew root "lamad" implies learning through experience and practice, not just theoretical knowledge. This suggests that God is personally involved in guiding His people towards wisdom, which is a key tenet of conservative Christianity: the belief in a personal God who actively engages with His creation.

wisdom
is derived from the Hebrew word "chokmah," which encompasses skill, insight, and moral understanding. In the biblical context, wisdom is more than intellectual knowledge; it is the practical application of God's truth in daily life. Conservative Christians hold that true wisdom begins with the fear of the Lord and is evidenced by a life that aligns with His will.

in the inmost place
reiterates the focus on the heart and soul, the center of one's moral and spiritual life. This phrase emphasizes that wisdom is not just an external display but a deeply rooted characteristic that influences every aspect of a person's being. In conservative Christian thought, this aligns with the belief that genuine faith and understanding are matters of the heart, leading to a life that reflects God's glory.

Cleanse me with hyssop
The phrase "Cleanse me with hyssop" is deeply rooted in the Hebrew tradition of purification. Hyssop, a small aromatic plant, was used in various purification rites in the Old Testament, notably in the cleansing of lepers (Leviticus 14:4-7) and during the Passover (Exodus 12:22). The Hebrew word for hyssop, "ezov," symbolizes purification and cleansing from sin. In this context, David is expressing a deep desire for spiritual cleansing, recognizing that only God can purify him from his transgressions. The use of hyssop signifies a plea for a thorough and divine cleansing, one that goes beyond the physical to reach the depths of the soul.

and I will be clean
The phrase "and I will be clean" reflects a confident assurance in God's ability to purify and forgive. The Hebrew word for clean, "tahor," implies purity and freedom from defilement. David's faith in God's mercy and power to cleanse is evident here. This assurance is not based on David's own merit but on God's gracious nature. It is a declaration of trust that once God acts, the cleansing will be complete and effective, restoring the sinner to a state of purity and righteousness.

wash me
The plea "wash me" is an appeal for a thorough cleansing. The Hebrew verb "kabac" is often used in the context of washing clothes, suggesting a vigorous and comprehensive cleansing process. This imagery conveys David's desire for God to remove the stain of sin completely. It is a recognition that sin has soiled his soul, and only divine intervention can restore him to a state of holiness. The washing here is not superficial but a deep cleansing that transforms the heart and spirit.

and I will be whiter than snow
The phrase "and I will be whiter than snow" uses the imagery of snow to depict purity and innocence. Snow, in its natural state, is a symbol of unblemished whiteness. The Hebrew word "laban" for white suggests brightness and purity. David's use of this imagery emphasizes the extent of the cleansing he seeks—one that leaves no trace of sin, rendering him as pure as freshly fallen snow. This metaphor highlights the transformative power of God's forgiveness, which can restore even the most tarnished soul to a state of pristine purity.

Let me hear
This phrase signifies a deep yearning for divine communication and restoration. In the Hebrew text, the verb "hear" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and obeying. David, the psalmist, is expressing a desire to be receptive to God's voice once more, indicating a return to spiritual intimacy. Historically, hearing God's voice was a sign of favor and guidance, as seen throughout the Old Testament when God spoke to His prophets and leaders.

joy and gladness
These words reflect the emotional and spiritual state that David longs to experience again. "Joy" (שִׂמְחָה, simchah) and "gladness" (שָׂשׂוֹן, sason) are often associated with the presence and blessings of God. In the context of ancient Israel, joy and gladness were not just personal emotions but communal experiences, often celebrated in festivals and worship. David's plea is for a restoration of the joy that comes from being in right relationship with God, a joy that transcends circumstances and is rooted in divine grace.

let the bones You have crushed
This metaphorical expression conveys the depth of David's contrition and the severity of his spiritual condition. The "bones" (עֶצֶם, etsem) symbolize strength and vitality, and their crushing indicates a profound sense of brokenness and humility before God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, bones were often seen as the essence of a person's being. David acknowledges that his sin has led to a divine discipline that feels like a crushing of his very essence, yet he seeks healing and restoration.

rejoice
The culmination of David's plea is for a transformation from brokenness to rejoicing. The Hebrew root for "rejoice" (גִּיל, gil) suggests an exuberant, almost physical expression of joy. This is not merely a return to a neutral state but an elevation to a place of celebration and praise. In the biblical narrative, rejoicing is frequently linked to deliverance and salvation, as seen in the songs of Moses and Miriam after the Exodus. David's request is for a renewal that leads to a vibrant, outward expression of God's redemptive work in his life.

Hide Your face from my sins
This phrase begins with a plea for divine mercy and forgiveness. The Hebrew word for "hide" is "סָתַר" (satar), which conveys the idea of concealing or covering. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the face of a deity was often associated with favor or disfavor. Here, David is asking God to turn away His face from his sins, implying a desire for God not to look upon his transgressions with judgment. This reflects a deep understanding of the holiness of God and the seriousness of sin. Theologically, it underscores the need for divine intervention to remove the guilt and shame associated with sin.

and blot out all my iniquities
The term "blot out" comes from the Hebrew "מָחָה" (machah), which means to wipe away or obliterate. This is a vivid image of complete erasure, akin to wiping ink off a parchment. In the ancient world, writing was often done on materials that could be reused, and the act of blotting out was a way to remove previous writings entirely. David's request for God to blot out his iniquities signifies a desire for total forgiveness and cleansing, not just a covering of sin but its complete removal. The word "iniquities" refers to moral perversity or guilt, emphasizing the depth of David's awareness of his moral failings. This plea is a profound acknowledgment of human inability to rectify sin without divine grace, pointing to the necessity of God's redemptive work.

Create in me
The phrase "Create in me" is a plea for divine intervention and transformation. The Hebrew word for "create" is "בָּרָא" (bara), which is the same word used in Genesis 1:1, "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." This indicates a request for a profound, divine act of creation, something only God can accomplish. The psalmist acknowledges that the change needed is beyond human capability and requires God's creative power to bring something new into existence within the heart.

a clean heart
The term "clean heart" refers to purity and moral integrity. In Hebrew, "heart" (לֵב, lev) often represents the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. The psalmist desires a heart free from sin and guilt, reflecting a deep yearning for holiness and righteousness. This request underscores the understanding that true purity is not merely external but begins internally, with a heart transformed by God.

O God
Addressing God directly, the psalmist acknowledges the source of all holiness and transformation. The use of "O God" signifies a personal and intimate appeal to the Creator, recognizing His sovereignty and ability to renew and restore. It is a humble acknowledgment of dependence on God's grace and mercy.

and renew
The word "renew" suggests restoration and rejuvenation. In Hebrew, "renew" (חָדַשׁ, chadash) implies making something new again, restoring it to its original state or even better. The psalmist seeks a renewal that only God can provide, a spiritual revival that breathes new life into the soul.

a steadfast spirit
A "steadfast spirit" refers to a firm, unwavering, and faithful disposition. The Hebrew word for "steadfast" (נָכוֹן, nachon) conveys the idea of being established, prepared, and reliable. The psalmist desires a spirit that remains constant in devotion and obedience to God, not swayed by sin or temptation. This request highlights the need for divine strength to maintain faithfulness and integrity.

within me
The phrase "within me" emphasizes the internal nature of the transformation sought. The psalmist is not asking for external changes but for a deep, inner renewal that affects the core of his being. This inward focus reflects the biblical understanding that true change begins in the heart and spirit, influencing all aspects of life. The plea for an internal transformation underscores the personal nature of the relationship with God and the desire for a heart aligned with His will.

Do not cast me away
This phrase reflects a deep plea for mercy and continued relationship with God. The Hebrew root for "cast away" is "שָׁלַךְ" (shalach), which conveys the idea of being thrown out or rejected. In the historical context of ancient Israel, being cast away from God's presence was akin to losing one's identity and purpose. David, the psalmist, is acutely aware of the gravity of his sin and the potential for separation from God, which he fears more than any earthly consequence. This plea underscores the importance of divine presence in the life of a believer, emphasizing that without God, life loses its meaning and direction.

from Your presence
The term "presence" in Hebrew is "פָּנֶה" (panim), often translated as "face." In the ancient Near Eastern context, to be in someone's presence, especially a king's, was to be in a place of favor and protection. David's request not to be removed from God's presence highlights his understanding of God as the ultimate King. The presence of God is synonymous with His favor, guidance, and blessing. For David, and for believers today, being in God's presence is the source of spiritual life and vitality.

do not take Your Holy Spirit from me
The "Holy Spirit" in Hebrew is "רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ" (Ruach Qodeshka). In the Old Testament, the Holy Spirit is seen as the empowering presence of God, given to individuals for specific purposes. David had witnessed the Spirit's departure from Saul (1 Samuel 16:14), which led to Saul's downfall. This historical context adds weight to David's plea, as he understands the Spirit's role in sustaining his kingship and personal relationship with God. Theologically, this request reflects the understanding that the Holy Spirit is essential for living a life that pleases God, providing guidance, strength, and the ability to fulfill God's purposes. David's prayer is a model for believers, emphasizing the necessity of the Spirit's presence in maintaining a vibrant and obedient faith.

Restore to me
This phrase begins with a plea for restoration, indicating a desire to return to a previous state of grace and favor with God. The Hebrew root for "restore" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which means to return or turn back. This word is often used in the context of repentance and returning to God. The psalmist, King David, is seeking to be brought back into a right relationship with God after his sin. Historically, this reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where restoration is a recurring theme.

the joy of Your salvation
"Joy" in Hebrew is "שִׂמְחָה" (simchah), which conveys a sense of gladness and delight. The "joy of Your salvation" refers to the deep, abiding happiness that comes from being in a right relationship with God and experiencing His deliverance. Salvation here is not just a future hope but a present reality that brings joy. This joy is a gift from God, and David longs for its return, recognizing that sin has disrupted this joy. Theologically, this joy is a fruit of the Spirit and a hallmark of a life aligned with God's will.

and sustain me
The word "sustain" comes from the Hebrew "תָּמַךְ" (tamak), meaning to uphold or support. David is asking for God's ongoing support and strength to maintain his spiritual life. This reflects a dependence on God not only for initial salvation but for continual spiritual sustenance. In the broader biblical context, God is often depicted as the sustainer of life, providing what is necessary for both physical and spiritual well-being.

with a willing spirit
The "willing spirit" refers to an attitude of readiness and eagerness to follow God's commands. The Hebrew word for "willing" is "נְדִיבָה" (nedivah), which implies generosity and nobility. David is asking for a spirit that is not only obedient but also eager to do God's will. This reflects a transformation of the heart, where obedience is not burdensome but a joyful response to God's grace. In the New Testament, this concept is echoed in the call to live by the Spirit, where believers are empowered to live in a way that pleases God.

Then
The word "then" serves as a pivotal transition in Psalm 51:13, indicating a sequence of events or a cause-and-effect relationship. In the Hebrew text, this word is often used to denote a response or a result following a preceding action. In the context of Psalm 51, David has just expressed his deep repentance and plea for God's mercy. The use of "then" suggests that after receiving God's forgiveness and cleansing, David is prepared to take action. This highlights the transformative power of God's grace, which not only forgives but also empowers the forgiven to fulfill God's purposes.

I will teach
The phrase "I will teach" reflects a commitment to instruct and guide others. The Hebrew root for "teach" is "lamad," which implies learning through experience and practice. David's intention to teach underscores the importance of sharing personal experiences of God's mercy and forgiveness with others. It suggests that those who have been restored by God have a responsibility to help others understand His ways. This teaching is not merely academic but is rooted in the lived experience of God's transformative grace.

transgressors
"Transgressors" refers to those who have violated God's laws or gone astray. The Hebrew word "pasha" conveys the idea of rebellion or willful disobedience. By choosing to teach transgressors, David acknowledges his own past rebellion and recognizes the universal need for God's mercy. This choice reflects a heart transformed by grace, eager to reach out to others who are in need of the same forgiveness and restoration that he has received.

Your ways
"Your ways" refers to the paths or principles established by God. In Hebrew, "derekh" signifies a road or course of life. David's desire to teach transgressors God's ways indicates a focus on guiding others to live according to divine principles. It emphasizes the importance of aligning one's life with God's will and purposes. This phrase also highlights the contrast between human sinfulness and God's righteous standards, underscoring the need for divine guidance in living a life that pleases God.

so that sinners
The phrase "so that sinners" introduces the purpose or intended outcome of David's teaching. "Sinners" in Hebrew is "chatta'im," referring to those who miss the mark or fall short of God's standards. David's aim is not merely to impart knowledge but to effect change in the lives of those who are estranged from God. This reflects a heart of compassion and a desire for others to experience the same grace and transformation that he has known.

will return to You
"Will return to You" speaks of repentance and restoration. The Hebrew word "shuv" means to turn back or return, indicating a change of direction. David's hope is that through his teaching, sinners will be moved to repent and return to a right relationship with God. This phrase encapsulates the essence of the gospel message: the call to turn away from sin and toward God, who is always ready to forgive and restore. It is a powerful reminder of God's relentless pursuit of His people and His desire for all to come to repentance.

Deliver me from bloodguilt, O God
The phrase "Deliver me from bloodguilt, O God," is a plea for divine intervention and forgiveness. The Hebrew word for "deliver" is "נָצַל" (natsal), which conveys a sense of being snatched away or rescued from danger. This reflects David's urgent need for God's saving grace. "Bloodguilt" refers to the guilt of shedding blood, particularly in the context of David's sin with Bathsheba and the murder of Uriah. In ancient Israel, bloodguilt was a serious offense, requiring atonement. David acknowledges his sin and seeks God's mercy, understanding that only God can cleanse him from such a grave transgression.

the God of my salvation
Here, "the God of my salvation" emphasizes the personal relationship David has with God. The Hebrew word for "salvation" is "יְשׁוּעָה" (yeshuah), which means deliverance or rescue. This term is often used in the Old Testament to describe God's saving acts. By calling God "the God of my salvation," David is expressing his faith in God's power to save and redeem him from his sins. It highlights the belief that salvation is not just a future hope but a present reality for those who trust in God.

and my tongue will sing of Your righteousness
The phrase "and my tongue will sing of Your righteousness" is a vow of praise and testimony. The Hebrew word for "sing" is "רָנַן" (ranan), which means to shout for joy or to sing aloud. This indicates a response of exuberant worship and gratitude. "Righteousness" in Hebrew is "צְדָקָה" (tsedaqah), which refers to God's moral perfection and justice. David promises that once he is delivered, he will proclaim God's righteousness, acknowledging that God's justice and mercy are perfectly balanced. This reflects a heart transformed by grace, eager to testify to God's goodness and faithfulness.

O Lord
The invocation "O Lord" is a direct address to God, using the Hebrew word "Adonai," which signifies God's sovereignty and authority. This term reflects a deep reverence and acknowledgment of God's supreme power and lordship over all creation. In the context of Psalm 51, David is appealing to God's authority and mercy, recognizing that only God can grant him the ability to speak and praise. Historically, this reflects the ancient Israelite understanding of God as the ultimate ruler and judge, whose favor and forgiveness are essential for worship.

open my lips
The phrase "open my lips" is a plea for divine intervention. The Hebrew verb "patah" means to open or release, suggesting that David feels spiritually or emotionally constrained. He is asking God to enable him to speak freely and truthfully. This request implies that true worship and praise are not possible without God's enabling grace. In the broader scriptural context, this reflects the belief that human ability to worship is a gift from God, emphasizing the dependence of the believer on divine assistance for genuine expression of faith.

and my mouth
The mention of "my mouth" highlights the personal and intimate nature of worship. The mouth is the instrument of speech, and in biblical terms, it often represents the heart's overflow. This connection between the heart and mouth is seen throughout scripture, where the mouth is used to confess faith, declare truth, and offer praise. The historical context of ancient Israelite worship involved vocal expressions of praise, underscoring the importance of spoken words in communal and personal devotion.

will declare
The verb "declare" comes from the Hebrew "nagad," which means to make known or proclaim. This suggests an active and intentional act of communication. David is committing to not just speak, but to proclaim God's greatness and goodness. This reflects a transformation from silence or sin-induced shame to bold proclamation, a theme prevalent in the Psalms where personal restoration leads to public testimony. The act of declaring is both a personal vow and a communal act, as declarations of praise were often shared in the assembly of believers.

Your praise
The phrase "Your praise" centers the content of David's declaration on God alone. The Hebrew word "tehillah" refers to praise, song, or hymn, indicating a form of worship that is both verbal and musical. This highlights the purpose of David's request: to honor God with words that reflect His character and deeds. In the conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the belief that all worship should be God-centered, focusing on His attributes and works. Historically, this aligns with the tradition of psalmody in Israel, where the community would sing praises as a form of worship and remembrance of God's faithfulness.

For You do not delight in sacrifice
The Hebrew word for "delight" is "חָפֵץ" (chafets), which conveys a sense of taking pleasure or having a desire for something. In the context of ancient Israel, sacrifices were a central part of worship and atonement. However, this phrase emphasizes that God’s ultimate desire is not in the ritual itself but in the heart and obedience of the worshiper. Historically, sacrifices were meant to be an outward expression of an inward reality—a heart aligned with God’s will. This phrase challenges believers to examine their motives and to prioritize genuine repentance and relationship with God over mere ritualistic practices.

or I would bring it
The psalmist, traditionally understood to be David, acknowledges his willingness to offer sacrifices if that were what God truly desired. The Hebrew verb "אָבִיא" (avi) means "I would bring" or "I would offer." This reflects a readiness to comply with God’s requirements, yet it underscores the understanding that external offerings are insufficient without a contrite heart. This phrase invites believers to consider the nature of their offerings to God, emphasizing that God values the sincerity of the heart over the material value of the offering.

You take no pleasure in burnt offerings
The term "burnt offerings" refers to "עוֹלָה" (olah), a type of sacrifice that was completely consumed by fire on the altar, symbolizing total devotion to God. The phrase "take no pleasure" uses the Hebrew "רָצָה" (ratsah), meaning to be pleased or satisfied. This highlights a profound theological truth: God’s pleasure is not in the act of sacrifice itself but in the heart of the one offering it. Historically, burnt offerings were a significant part of Israelite worship, yet this verse reveals that God’s ultimate concern is the spiritual state of His people. It serves as a reminder that God desires a broken and contrite heart, as further elaborated in the subsequent verses of the psalm. This understanding calls believers to pursue a deeper, more authentic relationship with God, characterized by true repentance and humility.

The sacrifices of God
In the Hebrew context, the word for "sacrifices" (זְבָחִים, zevachim) traditionally refers to offerings made to God, often involving the shedding of blood as a means of atonement. However, this phrase shifts the focus from external rituals to internal transformation. The true "sacrifices" that God desires are not merely ritualistic but are deeply spiritual and personal. This reflects a profound understanding that God values the heart's condition over ceremonial compliance, aligning with the prophetic calls for justice and mercy over mere ritual (Micah 6:6-8).

are a broken spirit
The term "broken" (נִשְׁבָּרָה, nishbarah) conveys a sense of being shattered or crushed. A "broken spirit" signifies a state of humility and recognition of one's own sinfulness and need for God's mercy. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a spirit that is "broken" is one that has been humbled and is open to divine intervention. This humility is essential for true repentance and aligns with the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized the blessedness of the poor in spirit (Matthew 5:3).

a broken and contrite heart
The word "contrite" (דַּכָּא, dakah) means crushed or deeply sorrowful. A "contrite heart" is one that is deeply remorseful for sin and earnestly seeks reconciliation with God. This phrase underscores the importance of genuine repentance, which involves not only acknowledging sin but also feeling deep sorrow for it. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of teshuvah, or repentance, which is a heartfelt return to God. The emphasis on the heart (לֵב, lev) highlights the inner life as the true seat of spiritual transformation.

O God, You will not despise
The assurance that God "will not despise" (לֹא תִבְזֶה, lo tivzeh) a broken and contrite heart is a profound promise of divine acceptance and forgiveness. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, to "despise" something was to reject it utterly. This assurance is a testament to God's unfailing mercy and readiness to forgive those who come to Him with genuine repentance. It echoes the broader biblical narrative of God's steadfast love and faithfulness, as seen throughout the Psalms and the prophetic writings (Isaiah 57:15).

In Your good pleasure
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and benevolence of God. The Hebrew word for "good pleasure" is "רָצוֹן" (ratzon), which conveys a sense of favor, delight, or acceptance. In the context of Psalm 51, David is appealing to God's gracious nature, acknowledging that any restoration or blessing comes not from human merit but from God's own will and delight. Historically, this reflects the understanding of God's covenant relationship with Israel, where His favor is not earned but given out of His own loving character.

cause Zion to prosper
The term "Zion" refers to the city of Jerusalem, often symbolizing the entire nation of Israel and the spiritual center of God's people. The Hebrew root "צָלַח" (tsalach) for "prosper" implies success, advancement, or thriving. David's plea is for the restoration and flourishing of Jerusalem, which had suffered due to the nation's sins. This reflects a broader biblical theme where the prosperity of God's people is tied to their faithfulness and God's merciful intervention. Archaeologically, Jerusalem has been a focal point of Jewish identity and worship, underscoring the significance of this prayer for its well-being.

build up the walls of Jerusalem
The imagery of building up walls signifies protection, security, and strength. In ancient times, city walls were crucial for defense against enemies, and their condition was a direct reflection of a city's power and stability. The Hebrew word "בָּנָה" (banah) means to build or rebuild, suggesting a restoration of what has been broken down. Scripturally, this can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual renewal and divine protection. David's request is not just for physical fortification but for a spiritual revival that would safeguard the community against moral and spiritual decay. Historically, the rebuilding of Jerusalem's walls has been a recurring theme, notably in the time of Nehemiah, symbolizing God's faithfulness in restoring His people.

Then You will delight
The Hebrew word for "delight" is "חָפֵץ" (chafets), which conveys a sense of pleasure or desire. In the context of this verse, it signifies God's pleasure in the genuine repentance and transformation of the heart. Historically, the Israelites understood that God's delight was not in the mere ritual of sacrifice but in the sincerity and righteousness behind it. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that emphasizes God's desire for a contrite heart over mere ritualistic observance (1 Samuel 15:22).

in righteous sacrifices
The term "righteous" in Hebrew is "צֶדֶק" (tsedeq), which implies justice, rightness, and ethical conduct. Sacrifices that are "righteous" are those offered with a pure heart and a sincere intention to honor God. This phrase underscores the biblical principle that God values the moral and spiritual integrity of the worshiper over the physical act of sacrifice. The historical context of Israel's sacrificial system was meant to point to a deeper spiritual truth, which is the need for inner righteousness.

in whole burnt offerings
The Hebrew word for "whole burnt offerings" is "עוֹלָה" (olah), which refers to a sacrifice that is completely consumed by fire on the altar. This type of offering symbolizes total dedication and surrender to God. In ancient Israel, the whole burnt offering was a powerful expression of worship and commitment, signifying the worshiper's desire to be wholly devoted to God. The complete consumption of the offering by fire represents the idea of giving oneself entirely to the Lord.

then bulls will be offered
Bulls were considered valuable and significant offerings in the sacrificial system of ancient Israel. The offering of a bull, as opposed to smaller animals, indicated a substantial and costly sacrifice, reflecting the worshiper's earnestness and reverence. The Hebrew word for "bulls" is "פָּרִים" (parim), and their offering was often associated with atonement and reconciliation with God. This phrase highlights the importance of offering God our best and most valuable possessions as a sign of our devotion.

on Your altar
The "altar" in Hebrew is "מִזְבֵּחַ" (mizbeach), which was the sacred place where sacrifices were made to God. The altar represents a meeting point between the divine and the human, a place of worship, atonement, and covenant renewal. In the historical context of the Old Testament, the altar was central to Israel's religious life, symbolizing God's presence and the people's commitment to Him. This phrase reminds us of the importance of approaching God with reverence and the understanding that true worship involves both sacrifice and a heart aligned with His will.