Ecclesiastes 4:8

There is a man all alone, without even a son or brother. And though there is no end to his labor, his eyes are still not content with his wealth: "For whom do I toil and bereave my soul of enjoyment?" This too is futile--a miserable task.

Study Bible

There is a man all alone
The Hebrew word for "alone" is "לְבַדּוֹ" (levaddo), which conveys a sense of isolation and solitude. In the ancient Near Eastern context, being alone was often seen as a state of vulnerability and lack of support. This phrase sets the stage for the existential reflection that follows, highlighting the futility of labor without companionship or relational fulfillment. The Bible frequently emphasizes the importance of community and relationships, as seen in Genesis 2:18, where God declares it is not good for man to be alone.

without even a son or brother
In Hebrew culture, family was central to one's identity and security. The absence of a "son or brother" signifies a lack of legacy and support system. Sons were seen as carriers of the family name and providers in old age, while brothers were allies and protectors. This phrase underscores the man's complete isolation and the absence of familial bonds that provide meaning and continuity in life.

There is no end to his toil
The word "toil" (עָמָל, amal) in Hebrew conveys a sense of laborious effort and struggle. The phrase "no end" suggests an endless cycle of work without fulfillment or purpose. This reflects the broader theme of Ecclesiastes, which questions the value of human endeavors when disconnected from divine purpose. The relentless pursuit of work, without rest or satisfaction, is portrayed as a fruitless endeavor.

yet his eyes are never satisfied with riches
The Hebrew word for "satisfied" (שָׂבַע, saba) implies contentment and fulfillment. The insatiable nature of the man's desire for "riches" highlights the emptiness of material wealth when it becomes an end in itself. This echoes the biblical teaching that true contentment is found not in abundance of possessions but in a relationship with God (Philippians 4:11-13). The eyes, often seen as the window to the soul, reflect the inner longing that material wealth cannot satisfy.

For whom am I toiling, and why am I depriving myself of pleasure?
This rhetorical question reveals a moment of self-reflection and existential crisis. The Hebrew word for "pleasure" (טוֹבָה, tovah) can also mean "good" or "well-being." The man questions the purpose of his labor and the self-denial of life's joys. This introspection is a call to evaluate one's priorities and the ultimate purpose of life, aligning with the biblical wisdom that encourages finding joy and meaning in God-given tasks and relationships.

This too is futile—a miserable task
The word "futile" (הֶבֶל, hebel) is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, often translated as "vanity" or "meaninglessness." It conveys the transient and elusive nature of worldly pursuits. The phrase "miserable task" underscores the burdensome and unsatisfying nature of labor when disconnected from a higher purpose. This conclusion invites readers to seek fulfillment beyond earthly endeavors, pointing to the eternal perspective found in a relationship with God.

Persons / Places / Events

1. The Man
Represents an individual who is isolated, working tirelessly without familial connections or companionship.

2. Solomon (Implied Author)
Traditionally considered the author of Ecclesiastes, Solomon reflects on the futility of labor without purpose or relational fulfillment.

3. Ancient Israel
The cultural and historical context in which the text was written, where family and community were central to identity and purpose.

Teaching Points

The Danger of Isolation
The verse highlights the emptiness of a life lived in isolation, emphasizing the need for relationships and community.

The Futility of Endless Toil
Labor without purpose or enjoyment is described as futile. This calls for a balance between work and rest, and the pursuit of meaningful goals.

Contentment Over Accumulation
The man's dissatisfaction despite his wealth serves as a reminder that true contentment is not found in material possessions.

Purposeful Living
The question "For whom do I toil?" challenges us to consider the motivations behind our work and to align our efforts with God's purposes.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the isolation of the man in Ecclesiastes 4:8 reflect the broader biblical theme of the importance of community and relationships?

2. In what ways can the pursuit of wealth lead to a sense of futility, as seen in this verse and other scriptures like Luke 12:15-21?

3. How can we apply the principle of contentment found in 1 Timothy 6:6-10 to our daily lives, especially in a culture that often values accumulation?

4. What steps can we take to ensure that our work and efforts are aligned with God's purposes, rather than being driven by societal pressures or personal ambition?

5. Reflect on a time when you felt the tension between work and personal enjoyment. How can Ecclesiastes 4:8 guide you in finding a healthier balance?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Genesis 2:18
Highlights the importance of companionship, as God declares it is not good for man to be alone.

Proverbs 23:4-5
Warns against the futility of laboring solely for wealth, as riches can quickly disappear.

Luke 12:15-21
Jesus' parable of the rich fool, which underscores the emptiness of accumulating wealth without being "rich toward God."

1 Timothy 6:6-10
Discusses the dangers of the love of money and the value of godliness with contentment.