Matthew 20:12

These men who were hired last worked only one hour,' they said, 'and you have made them equal to us who have borne the burden and the scorching heat of the day.'

Study Bible

These men who were hired last
This phrase introduces the complaint of the laborers who were hired earlier in the day. The Greek word for "men" here is "ἄνθρωποι" (anthrōpoi), which can refer to people in general, emphasizing the common humanity shared by all workers, regardless of when they were hired. The phrase "hired last" highlights the order of hiring, which is central to the parable's message about the kingdom of heaven. Historically, day laborers were a common sight in ancient Israel, often gathering in marketplaces hoping to be hired for a day's work. This context underscores the precariousness of their economic situation and the grace of the landowner in hiring them.

worked only one hour
The phrase "worked only one hour" underscores the minimal amount of labor these last workers contributed compared to those hired earlier. The Greek word for "hour" is "ὥρα" (hōra), which in this context refers to a short period of time, emphasizing the seemingly disproportionate reward they receive. This detail is crucial for understanding the parable's message about divine grace and generosity, which does not operate on human standards of fairness or merit.

and you have made them equal to us
This part of the verse reveals the heart of the complaint: the perceived injustice of equal treatment. The Greek word "ἴσους" (isous) means "equal," and it reflects a deep-seated human concern for fairness and equity. In the cultural and historical context of the time, social hierarchies and distinctions were significant, and this equal treatment challenges those norms. Theologically, this phrase invites reflection on the nature of God's kingdom, where grace levels the playing field, and all are equally valued.

who have borne the burden and the scorching heat of the day
The phrase "borne the burden and the scorching heat of the day" vividly describes the hard labor and conditions endured by the first workers. The Greek word for "burden" is "βάρος" (baros), indicating a heavy load, while "scorching heat" translates from "καύσωνα" (kausōna), referring to the intense heat of the sun. This imagery evokes sympathy for the early workers and highlights the sacrificial nature of their labor. Historically, working in the fields under the hot Middle Eastern sun was grueling, and this detail adds depth to their grievance. Spiritually, it serves as a metaphor for the trials and perseverance required in the Christian life, reminding believers that God's rewards are not based on human calculations but on His sovereign grace.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Landowner
Represents God, who is sovereign and just in His dealings with humanity.

2. Laborers
Symbolize believers or followers of Christ, each called to work in God's vineyard (kingdom).

3. Vineyard
Represents the kingdom of God, where believers are called to serve.

4. Day's Work
The labor and service believers offer in their lifetime.

5. Denarius
The wage agreed upon, symbolizing the reward of eternal life.

Teaching Points

God's Sovereignty and Grace
God is sovereign in dispensing His grace and rewards. We must trust His wisdom and fairness.

Equality in the Kingdom
In God's kingdom, all believers are equal recipients of His grace, regardless of when they come to faith.

Avoiding Comparison
Comparing our service or rewards with others can lead to discontentment. Focus on serving God faithfully.

Gratitude for God's Generosity
Be thankful for God's generosity and grace, which are not based on human merit.

Faithfulness in Service
Serve diligently and faithfully, trusting that God sees and rewards all efforts in His time.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the landowner's treatment of the laborers challenge our understanding of fairness and justice?

2. In what ways can we apply the principle of "the last will be first, and the first will be last" in our daily lives?

3. How does this parable encourage us to view our service to God and others without comparison?

4. What are some practical ways to cultivate gratitude for God's grace in our lives?

5. How can we ensure that our motivation for serving in God's kingdom remains pure and focused on Him rather than on rewards?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Matthew 19:30
This verse precedes the parable and sets the stage for the teaching that "the last will be first, and the first will be last," emphasizing God's grace and sovereignty.

Romans 9:20-21
Discusses God's sovereignty and the right to dispense grace as He wills, similar to the landowner's actions.

1 Corinthians 3:8
Highlights that each laborer will receive their reward according to their own labor, aligning with the fairness of God's judgment.

Ephesians 2:8-9
Emphasizes salvation by grace, not by works, which is reflected in the equal treatment of the laborers.

James 2:1-4
Warns against showing favoritism, paralleling the landowner's equal treatment of all workers.