Ezekiel 23:4

The older was named Oholah, and her sister was named Oholibah. They became Mine and gave birth to sons and daughters. As for their identities, Oholah is Samaria, and Oholibah is Jerusalem.

Study Bible

The older was named Oholah
The name "Oholah" is derived from the Hebrew root "ohel," meaning "tent." In the context of Ezekiel 23, Oholah represents Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. The imagery of a tent may symbolize a temporary dwelling or a place of worship, reflecting the transient and unstable nature of Samaria's spiritual fidelity. Historically, Samaria was known for its idolatry and alliances with foreign nations, which led to its downfall. The use of "older" signifies the precedence of Samaria in falling away from God's covenant.

and her sister was Oholibah
"Oholibah" comes from the Hebrew roots "ohel" (tent) and "bah" (in her), meaning "My tent is in her." This name represents Jerusalem, the capital of the Southern Kingdom of Judah. The phrase suggests a more intimate relationship with God, as His "tent" or presence was in Jerusalem, particularly in the Temple. Despite this closeness, Jerusalem also fell into idolatry and unfaithfulness. The term "sister" indicates a familial relationship between the two cities, both part of God's chosen people yet both guilty of spiritual adultery.

They were Mine
This phrase emphasizes God's ownership and covenant relationship with both Samaria and Jerusalem. Despite their unfaithfulness, they were chosen by God, set apart for His purposes. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's enduring commitment to His people, even when they stray. Historically, this relationship was marked by God's repeated calls to repentance through prophets like Ezekiel.

and gave birth to sons and daughters
The "sons and daughters" symbolize the inhabitants and subsequent generations of Samaria and Jerusalem. In a spiritual sense, these offspring represent the fruits of the cities' actions, both good and bad. The phrase underscores the idea that the spiritual state of a community affects future generations, a recurring theme in biblical teachings about legacy and responsibility.

Their names were Oholah the elder and Oholibah her sister
Reiterating the names and their familial relationship serves to reinforce the allegory of the two cities. The repetition highlights the seriousness of their spiritual infidelity and the consequences that follow. It also serves as a reminder of the prophetic nature of Ezekiel's message, calling the people to recognize their sins and return to God.

they were Samaria and Jerusalem
This direct identification leaves no doubt about the allegorical meaning of the passage. Samaria and Jerusalem, as historical and spiritual centers, represent the divided kingdom of Israel and Judah. Their mention serves as a warning to the people of God about the dangers of idolatry and unfaithfulness. The historical context of their eventual destruction underscores the reality of divine judgment, yet also points to the hope of restoration for those who repent and return to God.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Oholah
Represents Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. The name "Oholah" means "her tent," symbolizing a place of worship or dwelling that is separate from God’s designated place.

2. Oholibah
Represents Jerusalem, the capital of the Southern Kingdom of Judah. The name "Oholibah" means "my tent is in her," indicating God's presence and chosen dwelling place among His people.

3. Samaria
The capital city of the Northern Kingdom, often associated with idolatry and turning away from God.

4. Jerusalem
The capital city of the Southern Kingdom, known for its temple and being the center of Jewish worship, yet also guilty of spiritual unfaithfulness.

5. Sons and Daughters
Symbolic of the people and offspring of these two cities, representing the inhabitants and their spiritual legacy.

Teaching Points

Spiritual Adultery
Just as Oholah and Oholibah were unfaithful, believers must guard against idolatry and spiritual infidelity in their own lives.

God's Ownership
The phrase "They were Mine" emphasizes God's claim over His people. Believers are reminded of their identity and belonging to God.

Consequences of Unfaithfulness
The history of Samaria and Jerusalem serves as a warning of the consequences of turning away from God.

God's Presence
Oholibah's name signifies God's presence. Believers should cherish and maintain their relationship with God, recognizing His dwelling within them.

Repentance and Restoration
Despite the unfaithfulness depicted, God's desire for repentance and restoration is a recurring theme throughout Scripture.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the symbolism of Oholah and Oholibah challenge us to examine our own spiritual faithfulness?

2. In what ways can we ensure that our "tent" or place of worship remains aligned with God's presence and purpose?

3. How do the consequences faced by Samaria and Jerusalem serve as a warning for contemporary believers?

4. What steps can we take to prevent spiritual adultery in our personal and communal lives?

5. How can the themes of repentance and restoration in Ezekiel 23 encourage us in our walk with God today?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Hosea 1-2
The prophet Hosea's marriage to Gomer symbolizes Israel's unfaithfulness, similar to the allegory of Oholah and Oholibah.

Jeremiah 3
Discusses the spiritual adultery of Israel and Judah, paralleling the themes of unfaithfulness found in Ezekiel 23.

Revelation 17
The imagery of the harlot and the beast can be seen as a continuation of the theme of spiritual adultery and idolatry.