◄ Joshua 8 ►
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The Conquest of Ai 1Then the LORD said to Joshua, “Do not be afraid or discouraged. Take the whole army with you, and go up and attack Ai. See, I have delivered into your hand the king of Ai, his people, his city, and his land. 2And you shall do to Ai and its king as you did to Jericho and its king, except that you may carry off their plunder and livestock for yourselves. Set up an ambush behind the city.” 3So Joshua and the whole army set out to attack Ai. Joshua chose 30,000 mighty men of valor and sent them out at night 4with these orders: “Pay attention. You are to lie in ambush behind the city, not too far from it. All of you must be ready. 5Then I and all the troops with me will advance on the city. When they come out against us as they did the first time, we will flee from them. 6They will pursue us until we have drawn them away from the city, for they will say, ‘The Israelites are running away from us as they did before.’ So as we flee from them, 7you are to rise from the ambush and seize the city, for the LORD your God will deliver it into your hand. 8And when you have taken the city, set it on fire. Do as the LORD has commanded! See, I have given you orders.” 9So Joshua sent them out, and they went to the place of ambush and lay in wait between Bethel and Ai, to the west of Ai. But Joshua spent that night among the people. 10Joshua got up early the next morning and mobilized his men, and he and the elders of Israel marched before them up to Ai. 11Then all the troops who were with him marched up and approached the city. They arrived in front of Ai and camped to the north of it, with the valley between them and the city. 12Now Joshua had taken about five thousand men and set up an ambush between Bethel and Ai, to the west of the city. 13So the forces were stationed with the main camp to the north of the city and the rear guard to the west of the city. And that night Joshua went into the valley. 14When the king of Ai saw the Israelites, he hurried out early in the morning with the men of the city to engage them in battle at an appointed place overlooking the Arabah. But he did not know that an ambush had been set up against him behind the city. 15Joshua and all Israel let themselves be beaten back before them, and they fled toward the wilderness. 16Then all the men of Ai were summoned to pursue them, and they followed Joshua and were drawn away from the city. 17Not a man was left in Ai or Bethel who did not go out after Israel, leaving the city wide open while they pursued Israel. 18Then the LORD said to Joshua, “Hold out your battle lancea toward Ai, for into your hand I will deliver the city.” So Joshua held out his battle lance toward Ai, 19and as soon as he did so, the men in ambush rose quickly from their position. They rushed forward, entered the city, captured it, and immediately set it on fire. 20When the men of Ai turned and looked back, the smoke of the city was rising into the sky. They could not escape in any direction, and the troops who had fled to the wilderness now turned against their pursuers. 21When Joshua and all Israel saw that the men in ambush had captured the city and that smoke was rising from it, they turned around and struck down the men of Ai. 22Meanwhile, those in the ambush came out of the city against them, and the men of Ai were trapped between the Israelite forces on both sides. So Israel struck them down until no survivor or fugitive remained. 23But they took the king of Ai alive and brought him to Joshua. 24When Israel had finished killing all the men of Ai who had pursued them into the field and wilderness, and when every last one of them had fallen by the sword, all the Israelites returned to Ai and put it to the sword as well. 25A total of twelve thousand men and women fell that day—all the people of Ai. 26Joshua did not draw back the hand that held his battle lance until he had devoted to destructionb all who lived in Ai. 27Israel took for themselves only the cattle and plunder of that city, as the LORD had commanded Joshua. 28So Joshua burned Aic and made it a permanent heap of ruins, a desolation to this day. 29He hung the king of Ai on a treed until evening, and at sunset Joshua commanded that they take down the body from the tree and throw it down at the entrance of the city gate. And over it they raised a large pile of rocks, which remains to this day. Joshua Renews the Covenant (Deuteronomy 27:1–10) 30At that time Joshua built an altar on Mount Ebal to the LORD, the God of Israel, 31just as Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded the Israelites. He built it according to what is written in the Book of the Law of Moses: “an altar of uncut stones on which no iron tool has been used.”e And on it they offered burnt offerings to the LORD, and they sacrificed peace offerings. 32And there in the presence of the Israelites, Joshua inscribed on the stones a copy of the law of Moses, which he had written. 33All Israel, foreigners and citizens alike, with their elders, officers, and judges, stood on both sides of the ark of the covenant of the LORD facing the Levitical priests who carried it. Half of the people stood in front of Mount Gerizim and half of them in front of Mount Ebal, as Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded earlier, to bless the people of Israel. 34Afterward, Joshua read aloud all the words of the law—the blessings and the curses—according to all that is written in the Book of the Law. 35There was not a word of all that Moses had commanded that Joshua failed to read before the whole assembly of Israel, including the women, the little ones, and the foreigners who lived among them. Footnotes: 18 a Or javelin; twice in this verse, and also in verse 26 26 b Forms of the Hebrew cherem refer to the giving over of things or persons to the LORD, either by destroying them or by giving them as an offering. 28 c Ai means ruin. 29 d Or He impaled the king of Ai on a pole 31 e Exodus 20:25; Deuteronomy 27:5 Berean Standard Bible (BSB) printed 2016, 2020, 2022, 2025 by Bible Hub and Berean.Bible. Produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, unfoldingWord, Bible Aquifer, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee. This text of God's Word has been dedicated to the public domain. Free downloads and unlimited usage available. See also the Berean Literal Bible and Berean Interlinear Bible. Bible Hub Joshua 8 Summary The Conquest of Ai Verses 1–2 – Renewed Command and Promise The LORD lifts Joshua’s spirit after the Ai setback, assuring victory, outlining an ambush, and granting Israel the spoil and livestock as lawful plunder. Verses 3–8 – The Ambush Plan Joshua mobilizes 30,000 mighty warriors by night, stations a strike force west of Ai, and instructs the main body to feign retreat while the hidden unit seizes the city and sets it ablaze. Verses 9–13 – Night Deployment The ambush party moves to its covert position between Bethel and Ai, while Joshua spends the night with the people, then arranges troops north of Ai and the ambushers west, the valley lying between. Verses 14–17 – Ai Drawn Out At dawn the king of Ai hastily leads his men to attack, unaware of the trap. Every able fighter from Ai and Bethel abandons the city to pursue Israel, leaving the gate wide open. Verses 18–23 – City Taken, King Captured On God’s cue Joshua lifts his javelin; the ambush force rushes in, sets Ai on fire, and the smoke alerts Israel’s main column to wheel around. Ai’s army is caught in the middle, its king taken alive. Verses 24–29 – Total Defeat and Memorial Israel slaughters Ai’s men in the open field, re-enters the city, kills the rest, and burns Ai permanently. The king is hanged on a tree until evening, then buried under a heap of stones at the city gate. Verses 30–35 – Covenant Renewal at Ebal and Gerizim Joshua builds an altar of uncut stones on Mount Ebal, writes the Law on plastered stones, offers burnt and peace offerings, and reads the entire Torah, blessings and curses alike, to every Israelite—men, women, children, and sojourners. In Joshua 8, we see the Israelites move from a humiliating defeat to a resounding victory over the city of Ai, due to their obedience to God's commands. This chapter provides an instructive tale of strategy, obedience, and the importance of upholding God's Law. Historical Context and Flow • Joshua 8 follows the judgment on Achan (ch. 7). With sin purged, the covenant relationship—and therefore military success—is restored (cf. Deuteronomy 7:23-26). • Ai (“ruin”) lay about 2 mi/3 km east of Bethel, guarding the ascent to the hill country. Conquering it opened central Canaan to Israel. • The covenant ceremony at Ebal and Gerizim obeys Moses’ instructions (Deuteronomy 27:1-8; 11:29-32). Joshua pauses mid-campaign to underline that victory depends on obedience, not momentum. God’s Instructions and Israel’s Obedience 1. “Do not be afraid or discouraged.” – The same charge given before Jericho (Joshua 1:9; 6:2). 2. “Take all the people of war.” – Unlike Jericho, the whole army participates; unity replaces presumption. 3. “You shall do to Ai… only its spoil and livestock you may take.” – A reversal of Jericho’s ban; had Achan waited, he would have lawfully received plunder. 4. Joshua obeys “just as the LORD had commanded” (v. 8, 27). The narrative stresses precise compliance, echoing Exodus 40:16. Military Tactics in Plain Sight • Feint and Ambush: A classic double-envelopment roughly mirrored in later battles like Gideon’s (Judges 7) and David’s (2 Samuel 5). • Signal Gesture: Joshua’s outstretched javelin (v. 18) resembles Moses’ raised staff (Exodus 17:11-13), linking leadership to divine power. • Entire Force Engaged: 30,000 in ambush, 5,000 added later (vv. 3, 12). The numbers emphasize decisiveness after the earlier underestimation of Ai. • Archaeological Note: The traditional Ai site (et-Tell) shows destruction layers earlier than Joshua’s era, prompting conservative scholars to favor nearby Khirbet el-Maqatir, which exhibits Late Bronze occupation and a burn layer consistent with the biblical account. Sin, Judgment, and Restoration • Achan’s theft (ch. 7) illustrates personal sin affecting the community. • Restoration follows confession, judgment, and renewed obedience—a pattern echoed in 1 John 1:9. • Spoil permitted at Ai demonstrates God’s generosity versus Achan’s impatience. Covenant Renewal on Ebal and Gerizim • Altar of natural stones (v. 31) fulfills Exodus 20:25—no human tool highlights God’s grace over human craft. • Burnt offerings point to atonement; peace offerings signify fellowship. Together they picture restored relationship. • Writing “a copy of the Law of Moses” (v. 32) preserves the covenant text within the land, a living constitution. • Blessings pronounced from fertile Gerizim, curses from barren Ebal (Deuteronomy 11:29) create a geographic object lesson: obedience yields life; disobedience brings ruin. • Inclusion of “sojourners” (v. 35) previews God’s heart for Gentiles (cf. Isaiah 56:6-7). Links to Other Scriptures • Jericho (Joshua 6) vs. Ai: different tactics, same outcome—reminding believers that methodology may shift, but dependence on God stays constant. • Deuteronomy 27–28 (blessings and curses) fulfilled in ceremony; later echoed in 2 Kings 23 when Josiah again reads the Law. • The pile of stones (v. 29) parallels memorials at the Jordan (Joshua 4:9) and over Achan (7:26), teaching future generations (Proverbs 22:28). • Joshua’s javelin foreshadows Christ’s cross: a wooden sign of victory raised high, signaling the end of the enemy (Colossians 2:14-15). Lessons for Believers Today • Failure is not final when sin is confessed and obedience resumes. • God’s promises include both encouragement and specific action steps. • Spiritual victories often combine divine direction with thoughtful planning. • True worship centers on God’s word, atonement, and community participation. Connections to Additional Scriptures Psalm 37:23-24 The steps of a man are ordered by the LORD who takes delight in his journey. Though he falls, he will not be overwhelmed, for the LORD is holding his hand. This passage reinforces the idea that God guides and supports us, even when we stumble. Romans 8:28 And we know that God works all things together for the good of those who love Him, who are called according to His purpose. A reminder that God can use our failures for His greater purpose. Proverbs 3:5-6 Trust in the LORD with all your heart, and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge Him, and He will make your paths straight. Encourages reliance on God's wisdom and guidance. Teaching Points Divine Encouragement and Strategy Then the LORD said to Joshua, 'Do not be afraid or discouraged. Take the whole army with you and go up and attack Ai. For I have delivered into your hand the king of Ai, his people, his city, and his land.' (Joshua 8:1) God reassures Joshua and provides a clear strategy for victory, emphasizing His sovereignty and the importance of following His guidance. Obedience and Preparation Joshua and the Israelites prepare meticulously, setting an ambush as instructed by God. This highlights the importance of obedience and preparation in achieving God's purposes. Victory and Restoration The Israelites' victory over Ai is complete, demonstrating that God can restore and redeem situations that seem lost when His people follow His commands. Renewal of Covenant After the victory, Joshua builds an altar to the LORD and renews the covenant, reading the Law to all the people. This act underscores the importance of worship and recommitment to God's Word after a victory. Practical Applications Trust in God's Plan When facing challenges, seek God's guidance and trust in His plan, even if it requires stepping out in faith after a failure. Learn from Past Mistakes Use past failures as learning experiences to grow in obedience and reliance on God. Commit to Obedience Prioritize obedience to God's instructions, knowing that His ways lead to ultimate victory. Renew Your Commitment Regularly renew your commitment to God through worship and engagement with His Word, especially after experiencing His deliverance. People 1. The LORD (Yahweh) The covenant God of Israel who instructs Joshua on how to capture Ai. The Hebrew name used is יהוה (YHWH), which is often rendered as "LORD" in English translations. The LORD assures Joshua of victory and provides the strategy for the battle. 2. Joshua The leader of the Israelites, who follows the LORD's instructions to capture Ai. Joshua is a central figure in the book, leading the people into the Promised Land. His name in Hebrew is יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yehoshua), meaning "Yahweh is salvation." 3. The King of Ai The ruler of the city of Ai, who is ultimately captured and executed by the Israelites. His specific name is not mentioned in the text, but he represents the leadership of Ai, which opposes Israel. 4. The People of Israel The collective group of Israelites who participate in the battle against Ai. They follow Joshua's leadership and the LORD's command to take the city. 5. The Men of Ai The inhabitants of Ai who engage in battle with the Israelites. They are ultimately defeated as part of the LORD's plan to give the city into Israel's hands. 6. The Elders of Israel Although not explicitly mentioned in this chapter, they are implied as part of the leadership structure that supports Joshua. They are often involved in decision-making and leading the people alongside Joshua. Places 1. Ai Ai is the primary location in Joshua 8, where the Israelites, under Joshua's leadership, execute a strategic military ambush to capture the city. The name "Ai" (Hebrew: עַי) means "ruin," which is fitting given its eventual destruction by the Israelites. 2. Bethel Although not the main focus, Bethel is mentioned in the context of the ambush. The men of Bethel are said to have joined the men of Ai in pursuing the Israelites, which is part of the strategy to draw them away from the city. Bethel (Hebrew: בֵּית־אֵל) means "house of God." 3. Valley The valley is referenced as the location where Joshua and the Israelites set up an ambush against Ai. The specific valley is not named, but it plays a crucial role in the military tactics employed by Joshua. Events 1. The LORD's Command to Joshua The chapter begins with the LORD instructing Joshua not to fear and to take all the fighting men to attack Ai. The LORD promises victory, saying, "I have delivered into your hand the king of Ai, his people, his city, and his land" (Joshua 8:1). 2. The Strategy for Ambush God provides Joshua with a strategy to set an ambush behind the city. Joshua is to lay an ambush behind Ai while the main forces draw the men of Ai out of the city (Joshua 8:2-4). 3. Joshua's Preparation and Execution Joshua and the Israelites prepare for the ambush. He sends 30,000 valiant warriors by night to lie in ambush between Bethel and Ai, west of the city (Joshua 8:3-9). 4. The Battle Begins Joshua and the main army approach Ai from the front, drawing the men of Ai out of the city as they pursue the Israelites, leaving the city unprotected (Joshua 8:10-17). 5. The Ambush is Triggered The LORD instructs Joshua to stretch out the javelin in his hand toward Ai, signaling the ambush. The men in ambush rise quickly, enter the city, and set it on fire (Joshua 8:18-19). 6. The Defeat of Ai The men of Ai, seeing their city in flames, are thrown into confusion. The Israelites turn back and attack, defeating the men of Ai and capturing the city (Joshua 8:20-23). 7. The Destruction of Ai All the inhabitants of Ai are killed, and the city is completely destroyed. The king of Ai is captured and later hanged (Joshua 8:24-29). 8. Renewal of the Covenant at Mount Ebal Following the victory, Joshua builds an altar to the LORD on Mount Ebal, as Moses had commanded. The Israelites offer burnt offerings and peace offerings, and Joshua writes a copy of the Law of Moses on stones (Joshua 8:30-32). 9. Reading of the Law Joshua reads all the words of the law, the blessings and the curses, to the entire assembly of Israel, including women, children, and foreigners living among them (Joshua 8:33-35). Lessons from Joshua 8 1. Trust in God's Plan In Joshua 8, we see a powerful reminder to trust in God's plan, even when previous attempts have failed. After the initial defeat at Ai, God instructs Joshua to try again, saying, "Do not be afraid or discouraged. Take the whole army with you, and go up and attack Ai" (Joshua 8:1). This teaches us that setbacks are not the end; they are opportunities to realign with God's purpose and move forward with renewed faith. 2. Obedience Leads to Victory Joshua's obedience to God's specific instructions led to a decisive victory over Ai. The Lord commanded, "Set an ambush behind the city" (Joshua 8:2), and Joshua followed through precisely. This highlights the importance of obedience in our walk with God. When we align our actions with His commands, we position ourselves for success. 3. The Power of Unity The Israelites' victory was a team effort, showcasing the power of unity. Joshua mobilized the entire army, and they worked together to achieve their goal. "So Joshua and the whole army moved out to attack Ai" (Joshua 8:3). This reminds us that we are stronger together, and unity in purpose can lead to great accomplishments. 4. Learning from Past Mistakes The defeat at Ai was a result of disobedience and overconfidence. However, Joshua learned from this mistake and sought God's guidance for the second attempt. "Then the LORD said to Joshua, 'Do not be afraid or discouraged'" (Joshua 8:1). This teaches us the value of reflection and learning from our past to avoid repeating the same errors. 5. God's Timing is Perfect God's instructions to Joshua included specific timing for the ambush. "When you have taken the city, set it on fire" (Joshua 8:8). This illustrates that God's timing is perfect, and waiting for His signal can lead to the best outcomes. Patience and trust in His timing are crucial components of faith. 6. The Importance of Strategy God provided Joshua with a detailed strategy to conquer Ai, emphasizing the importance of planning and preparation. "Set an ambush behind the city" (Joshua 8:2). This shows us that while faith is essential, God also calls us to use wisdom and strategy in our endeavors. 7. God's Faithfulness to His Promises The victory at Ai was a fulfillment of God's promise to give the Israelites the land. "I have delivered into your hand the king of Ai, his people, his city, and his land" (Joshua 8:1). This reassures us that God is faithful to His promises, and we can trust Him to fulfill what He has spoken over our lives. 8. The Role of Leadership Joshua's leadership was pivotal in the victory at Ai. He listened to God, communicated the plan clearly, and led by example. "Joshua rose early in the morning and mustered the people" (Joshua 8:10). This underscores the importance of strong, godly leadership in achieving collective goals. 9. The Consequences of Sin The initial defeat at Ai was a direct result of Achan's sin, reminding us that sin has consequences not just for the individual but for the community. "Israel has sinned; they have violated My covenant" (Joshua 7:11). This serves as a cautionary tale about the ripple effects of disobedience. 10. Renewal of Commitment After the victory, Joshua built an altar to the Lord and renewed the covenant with the people. "Then Joshua built an altar to the LORD, the God of Israel, on Mount Ebal" (Joshua 8:30). This act of worship and commitment is a powerful reminder of the importance of continually renewing our dedication to God and His ways. Topics 1. The Lord's Command to Joshua (Joshua 8:1-2) God instructs Joshua not to fear and to take the entire army to attack Ai. The Lord promises victory and allows the Israelites to take the spoils and livestock as plunder. The Hebrew root for "fear" (יָרֵא, yare) emphasizes the command to be courageous. 2. The Ambush Strategy (Joshua 8:3-9) Joshua devises a plan to set an ambush behind the city of Ai. He selects 30,000 valiant warriors for the task. The Hebrew word for "ambush" (אָרַב, arab) indicates a strategic military tactic. 3. The Battle of Ai (Joshua 8:10-17) Joshua leads the main force to the front of the city, drawing out the men of Ai. The ambush force then enters the city, capturing it. The narrative highlights the tactical execution of God's plan. 4. The Destruction of Ai (Joshua 8:18-29) Following God's command, Joshua stretches out his javelin toward Ai, signaling the ambush. The city is captured, and its inhabitants are destroyed. The Hebrew term for "destroy" (חָרַם, charam) signifies complete devotion to destruction. 5. The Renewal of the Covenant at Mount Ebal (Joshua 8:30-35) Joshua builds an altar on Mount Ebal and offers sacrifices to the Lord. He writes a copy of the Law of Moses on stones and reads it to the assembly. This act reaffirms the covenant between God and Israel, emphasizing obedience to the Law. The Hebrew word for "altar" (מִזְבֵּחַ, mizbeach) underscores the importance of worship and sacrifice. Themes 1. Divine Guidance and Obedience In Joshua 8, the theme of divine guidance is prominent as God instructs Joshua on how to conquer Ai. The chapter begins with the Lord saying to Joshua, "Do not be afraid or discouraged. Take the whole army with you, and go up and attack Ai" (Joshua 8:1). This highlights the importance of obedience to God's commands, as Joshua follows the specific instructions given by God, which leads to victory. 2. Restoration and Redemption After the initial defeat at Ai due to Achan's sin, Joshua 8 demonstrates the theme of restoration. God gives Israel a second chance to conquer Ai, symbolizing redemption and the restoration of favor when sin is addressed. The Hebrew root for "restore" (שׁוּב, shuv) implies a return to a previous state, which is evident as Israel regains its standing before God. 3. Strategic Warfare and Wisdom The chapter illustrates the theme of strategic warfare, as God provides Joshua with a detailed plan to ambush Ai. Joshua's execution of this plan, including setting an ambush behind the city (Joshua 8:2-8), reflects the wisdom and strategy that come from divine insight. The Hebrew word for "ambush" (אָרַב, arab) emphasizes the tactical aspect of the battle. 4. Covenant Faithfulness The theme of covenant faithfulness is underscored as Israel renews its commitment to God's law after the victory at Ai. Joshua builds an altar on Mount Ebal and writes a copy of the law of Moses (Joshua 8:30-32). This act signifies Israel's dedication to upholding the covenant with God, reinforcing the importance of living according to His statutes. 5. Community and Unity The chapter emphasizes the theme of community and unity among the Israelites. The entire nation, including women, children, and foreigners, participates in the reading of the law (Joshua 8:35). This collective involvement underscores the unity and shared responsibility of the community in adhering to God's commands and experiencing His blessings. 6. Divine Justice and Judgment Joshua 8 also presents the theme of divine justice and judgment. The destruction of Ai and its king (Joshua 8:24-29) serves as a reminder of God's judgment against sin and disobedience. The Hebrew concept of justice (מִשְׁפָּט, mishpat) is evident as God enforces His righteous standards through the conquest of Ai. Prayer Points Thanksgiving for God's Faithfulness Thank God for His faithfulness and guidance, even in times of failure. Strength to Obey Pray for the strength and courage to obey God's instructions, trusting in His plan. Renewal of Commitment Ask God to help you renew your commitment to Him and His Word, especially after experiencing His deliverance. Wisdom in Challenges Seek wisdom and discernment in facing challenges, trusting that God will lead you to victory. Answering Tough Questions 1. How can the total extermination of Ai’s inhabitants (Joshua 8:24–25) be reconciled with a just and loving God? 2. Where is the archaeological evidence supporting the complete destruction of Ai (Joshua 8:28)? 3. Why does the ambush strategy described in Joshua 8:2–22 differ from other accounts of Israelite conquests? 4. How does Joshua’s altar-building on Mount Ebal (Joshua 8:30–35) align with other historical records of Canaanite territory? 5. If Ai was truly annihilated, why does it not appear in later references to the region’s cities in the Old Testament? Bible Study Discussion Questions 1. What does God's encouragement to Joshua - "Do not be afraid or discouraged" - signify in this context? How can it be applied to personal challenges today? 2. What is the significance of God allowing the Israelites to take the plunder and livestock from Ai, contrasting to the complete destruction in Jericho? 3. How did Joshua's strategy of ambush reflect his obedience and trust in God's plan? 4. In what ways do the military tactics described in the passage illustrate spiritual warfare that believers might experience today? 5. What does the "battle lance" that Joshua holds out toward Ai symbolize? 6. What does the act of leaving the city of Ai "wide open" while pursuing Israel tell us about the tactics of deception used in this battle? 7. How did God’s instruction to Joshua to "hold out your battle lance" act as a catalyst for the victory? What significance does this hold? 8. How does the story highlight the importance of precision in following God’s commands? 9. Why do you think Joshua built an altar to the LORD after the destruction of Ai? 10. How do the blessings and curses read aloud by Joshua relate to the outcomes for Jericho and Ai? 11. How can the ambush strategy employed by the Israelites be interpreted from a spiritual perspective? 12. How does the disposal of the king of Ai's body and the creation of a permanent heap of ruins serve as a potent symbol in the narrative? 13. Why was it important that Joshua inscribed a copy of the law of Moses on stones after the battle? 14. How does the final scene of the reading of the law to the assembly of Israel underscore the significance of the law in the life of the nation? 15. Why did the author emphasize that there was not a word of all that Moses commanded that Joshua failed to read? 16. How do we see God’s judgment and mercy played out in the battle of Ai? 17. What lessons can we learn from the way Joshua led the people of Israel in this battle? 18. How can the construction of an altar of uncut stones, "on which no iron tool has been used," be interpreted in the context of worship and sacrifice? 19. How can we apply the principle of full obedience as seen in this passage to our current life situations? 20. How does the ending of this passage, involving the public reading of the law, stress the importance of communal worship and instruction in faith communities today? Bible Hub Chapter Summaries and Bible Study Questions