◄ 2 Kings 23 ►
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Josiah Renews the Covenant (2 Chronicles 34:29–33) 1Then the king summoned all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem. 2And he went up to the house of the LORD with all the people of Judah and Jerusalem, as well as the priests and the prophets—all the people small and great—and in their hearing he read all the words of the Book of the Covenant that had been found in the house of the LORD. 3So the king stood by the pillar and made a covenant before the LORD to follow the LORD and to keep His commandments, decrees, and statutes with all his heart and all his soul, and to carry out the words of the covenant that were written in this book. And all the people entered into the covenant. Josiah Destroys Idolatry (1 Kings 13:1–10; 2 Chronicles 34:3–7) 4Then the king commanded Hilkiah the high priest, the priests second in rank, and the doorkeepers to remove from the temple of the LORD all the articles made for Baal, Asherah, and all the host of heaven. And he burned them outside Jerusalem in the fields of Kidron and carried their ashes to Bethel. 5Josiah also did away with the idolatrous priests ordained by the kings of Judah to burn incense on the high places of the cities of Judah and in the places all around Jerusalem—those who had burned incense to Baal, to the sun and moon, to the constellations, and to all the host of heaven. 6He brought the Asherah pole from the house of the LORD to the Kidron Valley outside Jerusalem, and there he burned it, ground it to powder, and threw its dust on the graves of the common people. 7He also tore down the quarters of the male shrine prostitutes that were in the house of the LORD, where the women had woven tapestries for Asherah. 8Then Josiah brought all the priests from the cities of Judah and desecrated the high places, from Geba to Beersheba, where the priests had burned incense. He tore down the high places of the gates at the entrance of the gate of Joshua the governor of the city, which was to the left of the city gate. 9Although the priests of the high places did not come up to the altar of the LORD in Jerusalem, they ate unleavened bread with their fellow priests. 10He also desecrated Topheth in the Valley of Ben-hinnoma so that no one could sacrifice his son or daughter in the fireb to Molech. 11And he removed from the entrance to the house of the LORD the horses that the kings of Judah had dedicated to the sun. They were in the courtc near the chamber of an official named Nathan-melech. And Josiah burned up the chariots of the sun. 12He pulled down the altars that the kings of Judah had set up on the roof near the upper chamber of Ahaz, and the altars that Manasseh had set up in the two courtyards of the house of the LORD. The king pulverized them thered and threw their dust into the Kidron Valley. 13The king also desecrated the high places east of Jerusalem, to the south of the Mount of Corruption, which King Solomon of Israel had built for Ashtoreth the abomination of the Sidonians, for Chemosh the abomination of the Moabites, and for Milcome the abomination of the Ammonites. 14He smashed the sacred pillars to pieces, cut down the Asherah poles, and covered the sites with human bones. 15He even pulled down the altar at Bethel, the high place set up by Jeroboam son of Nebat, who had caused Israel to sin. Then he burnedf the high place, ground it to powder, and burned the Asherah pole. 16And as Josiah turned, he saw the tombs there on the hillside, and he sent someone to take the bones out of the tombs, and he burned them on the altar to defile it, according to the word of the LORD proclaimed by the man of God who had foretold these things.g 17Then the king asked, “What is this monument I see?” And the men of the city replied, “It is the tomb of the man of God who came from Judah and proclaimed these things that you have done to the altar of Bethel.” 18“Let him rest,” said Josiah. “Do not let anyone disturb his bones.” So they left his bones undisturbed, along with those of the prophet who had come from Samaria. 19Just as Josiah had done at Bethel, so also in the cities of Samaria he removed all the shrines of the high places set up by the kings of Israel who had provoked the LORD to anger. 20On the altars he slaughtered all the priests of the high places, and he burned human bones on them. Then he returned to Jerusalem. Josiah Restores the Passover (2 Chronicles 35:1–19) 21The king commanded all the people, “Keep the Passover of the LORD your God, as it is written in this Book of the Covenant.” 22No such Passover had been observed from the days of the judges who had governed Israel through all the days of the kings of Israel and Judah. 23But in the eighteenth year of Josiah’s reign, this Passover was observed to the LORD in Jerusalem. 24Furthermore, Josiah removed the mediums and spiritists, the household gods and idols, and all the abominations that were seen in the land of Judah and in Jerusalem. He did this to carry out the words of the law written in the book that Hilkiah the priest had found in the house of the LORD. 25Neither before nor after Josiah was there any king like him, who turned to the LORD with all his heart and with all his soul and with all his strength, according to all the Law of Moses. 26Nevertheless, the LORD did not turn away from the fury of His burning anger, which was kindled against Judah because of all that Manasseh had done to provoke Him to anger. 27For the LORD had said, “I will remove Judah from My sight, just as I removed Israel. I will reject this city Jerusalem, which I chose, and the temple of which I said, ‘My Name shall be there.’” The Death of Josiah (2 Chronicles 35:20–24) 28As for the rest of the acts of Josiah and all his accomplishments, are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah? 29During Josiah’s reign, Pharaoh Neco king of Egypt marched up to help the king of Assyria at the Euphrates River. King Josiah went out to confront him, but Neco faced him and killed him at Megiddo. 30From Megiddo his servants carried his body in a chariot, brought him to Jerusalem, and buried him in his own tomb. Then the people of the land took Jehoahaz son of Josiah, anointed him, and made him king in place of his father. Jehoahaz Succeeds Josiah (2 Chronicles 36:1–4) 31Jehoahaz was twenty-three years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem three months. His mother’s name was Hamutal daughter of Jeremiah; she was from Libnah. 32And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, just as his fathers had done. 33And Pharaoh Neco imprisoned Jehoahaz at Riblah in the land of Hamath so that he could not reign in Jerusalem, and he imposed on Judah a levy of a hundred talents of silverh and a talent of gold.i 34Then Pharaoh Neco made Eliakim son of Josiah king in place of his father Josiah, and he changed Eliakim’s name to Jehoiakim. But Neco took Jehoahaz and carried him off to Egypt, where he died. 35So Jehoiakim paid the silver and gold to Pharaoh Neco, but to meet Pharaoh’s demand he taxed the land and exacted the silver and the gold from the people, each according to his wealth. Jehoiakim Reigns in Judah (2 Chronicles 36:5–8) 36Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem eleven years. His mother’s name was Zebidah daughter of Pedaiah; she was from Rumah. 37And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, just as his fathers had done. Footnotes: 10 a Or the Valley of the Son of Hinnom 10 b Literally could pass his son or daughter through the fire 11 c Hebrew parbarim 12 d Or quickly removed them from there 13 e Milcom is a variant of Molech; see Leviticus 18:21 and 1 Kings 11:7. 15 f Hebrew; LXX broke into pieces 16 g See 1 Kings 13:2; Hebrew; LXX includes when Jeroboam stood by the altar at the feast. And he turned and lifted his eyes to the tomb of the man of God. 33 h 100 talents is approximately 3.77 tons or 3.42 metric tons of silver. 33 i A talent is approximately 75.4 pounds or 34.2 kilograms of gold. Berean Standard Bible (BSB) printed 2016, 2020, 2022, 2025 by Bible Hub and Berean.Bible. Produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, unfoldingWord, Bible Aquifer, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee. This text of God's Word has been dedicated to the public domain. Free downloads and unlimited usage available. See also the Berean Literal Bible and Berean Interlinear Bible. Bible Hub 2 Kings 23 Summary Josiah Renews the Covenant Verses 1–3 – Covenant Renewal in Jerusalem Josiah gathers the elders, priests, prophets, and every citizen. Standing by the pillar in the temple, he reads the newly found Book of the Covenant aloud and binds the nation to obey it, and the people pledge, “All this we will do.” Verses 4–14 – Cleansing the Temple and City from Idols The king orders Hilkiah and the priests to remove every object made for Baal, Asherah, or the heavenly host. He burns them outside Jerusalem, grinds the ashes, and scatters them on common graves. He tears down the quarters of cult-prostitutes, deposes idolatrous priests, smashes altars, and even destroys the horses and chariots dedicated to the sun. Verses 15–20 – Purging Bethel and Samaria Moving north, Josiah demolishes Jeroboam’s altar at Bethel, fulfilling the unnamed prophet’s word from 1 Kings 13. He desecrates the high places in Samaria, slaughters the pagan priests on their own altars, and burns men’s bones on them to render the sites forever unclean. Verses 21–23 – A Passover Like No Other Since the Judges Josiah commands a nationwide Passover “as it is written in this Book of the Covenant.” No Passover of equal scope had been kept “since the days of the judges.” Verses 24–28 – Josiah’s Legacy and God’s Unrelenting Wrath Mediums, spiritists, teraphim, and every detestable object are wiped out. Scripture praises Josiah: “Before him there was no king like him… nor did any arise like him after” (v 25). Yet the LORD will not turn from the fury stored up because of Manasseh’s sins. Verses 29–30 – Josiah’s Death at Megiddo Pharaoh Neco marches to aid Assyria. Josiah intercepts him, is fatally wounded, and dies in Jerusalem. Judah mourns deeply. Verses 31–35 – Jehoahaz, Pharaoh Neco, and Jehoiakim’s Installation Jehoahaz reigns three months, is deposed, and taken to Egypt. Neco levies a heavy tribute. Josiah’s elder son Eliakim is made king and renamed Jehoiakim. Verses 36–37 – Jehoiakim’s Evil Reign Jehoiakim rules eleven years, “and he did evil in the sight of the LORD,” setting the stage for Babylon’s rise. 2 Kings 23 records King Josiah's fervent efforts to reform and purify Judah and Jerusalem, scrupulously ridding the land of idolatrous practices and renewing the Covenant with God. The chapter also recounts the celebration of a memorable Passover and the tragic end of Josiah’s reign. Historical Setting and Timeline • Approx. 640–609 BC: Josiah reigns during Assyria’s collapse and Babylon’s ascent. • 622/621 BC: The Book of the Law is found (2 Kings 22), igniting the reforms detailed in chapter 23. • 609 BC: Josiah dies at Megiddo, and Egypt briefly dominates Judah. Covenant Ceremony in Jerusalem (23:1–3) “ ‘And he read in their hearing all the words of the Book of the Covenant’ ” (v 2). This public reading mirrors Deuteronomy 31:10–13 and Joshua 8:34–35. Like Moses and Joshua, Josiah binds the people to obey. The phrase “from the least to the greatest” underscores universal responsibility (cf. Jeremiah 31:34). Purging Idolatry: Temple, City, and Provinces (23:4–14) Actions Josiah takes: • Removes Baal, Asherah, and star-worship vessels (v 4). • Burns them in the Kidron Valley, fulfilling Deuteronomy 7:5. • Deposes priests appointed by previous kings (v 5). • Tears down the “houses of the sodomites” (cult-prostitutes, v 7). • Defiles Topheth in the Valley of Ben-Hinnom to stop child sacrifice (v 10; cf. Jeremiah 7:31). • Removes horses dedicated to the sun and burns their chariots (v 11), echoing denunciations of sun worship in Ezekiel 8:16. Archaeological note: Thousands of female pillar figurines—likely images of Asherah—have been unearthed in Seventh-Century layers of Jerusalem. Their sudden disappearance after Josiah’s time supports the biblical record. The Kidron and Hinnom Valleys Excavations south of the Old City have uncovered layers of burnt refuse and shattered cult objects datable to Josiah’s era. At Topheth, large earthenware jars containing infant bones show that the horrific practice of child sacrifice was real. Bethel and Samaria Campaign (23:15–20) By destroying Jeroboam’s altar, Josiah fulfills the prophecy of 1 Kings 13:2 spoken three centuries earlier. Tel Beitin (Bethel) excavations reveal an ancient sanctuary destroyed around 600 BC, consistent with Josiah’s actions. Josiah’s Passover (23:21–23) “Such a Passover had not been observed since the days of the judges” (v 22). Chronicles (2 Chron 35) adds that 30,000 lambs and 3,000 cattle were provided. Centralizing the feast in Jerusalem follows Deuteronomy 16:2. Banning the Occult (23:24) Mediums and spiritists are expelled (cf. Leviticus 19:31). This echoes Samuel’s stance in 1 Samuel 28 and anticipates prophetic condemnations in Isaiah 8:19–20. The LORD’s Verdict (23:25–27) Despite Josiah’s unparalleled devotion, the judgment pronounced in 2 Kings 21:10–15 stands. Jeremiah 15:4 explains, “I will make them a horror to all the kingdoms of the earth because of what Manasseh… did in Jerusalem.” Death at Megiddo (23:29–30) 2 Chronicles 35:20–25 supplies details: Josiah disguises himself, is pierced by archers, and dies after being brought back to Jerusalem. Megiddo’s strategic pass made it a frequent battlefield (Judges 5:19; Revelation 16:16 hints at future conflict in the area). Political Aftermath: Jehoahaz and Jehoiakim (23:31–37) Egypt arrests Jehoahaz and installs Jehoiakim, who raises taxes—“He exacted the silver and gold from the people of the land” (v 35). Babylonian Chronicle tablets confirm Egyptian control of Judah from 609–605 BC before Nebuchadnezzar’s victory at Carchemish. Themes and Lessons • The Word of God is central; when it is read plainly, revival follows (Nehemiah 8:1–8). • Spiritual renewal requires both heart commitment and physical removal of sin-structures. • Obedience brings blessing, but entrenched national sin still carries consequences (Galatians 6:7). • Leadership matters: one righteous king can steer a nation, yet each generation must choose faithfulness (Ezekiel 18:20). • Fulfilled prophecy (1 Kings 13) proves God’s sovereignty over centuries. • The Passover points forward to Christ, “our Passover lamb” (1 Corinthians 5:7), reminding believers that deliverance comes through covenant blood. Connections to Contemporary Prophets • Jeremiah began prophesying in Josiah’s 13th year (Jeremiah 1:2). His temple sermon (Jeremiah 7) likely follows the reforms, warning against mere externalism. • Zephaniah, prophesying under Josiah, rails against the same Baal worship Josiah abolishes (Zephaniah 1:4–6). • Nahum’s oracle against Nineveh fits the waning power of Assyria during Josiah’s reign. Echoes of Messiah Josiah’s name means “The LORD supports,” and his zeal prefigures the coming King who will “cleanse the temple” (John 2:13–17) and establish a new covenant written on hearts (Jeremiah 31:31–34). Key Berean Standard Bible Passages Quoted 2 Kings 23:2 – “And he read in their hearing all the words of the Book of the Covenant that had been found in the house of the LORD.” 2 Kings 23:25 – “Neither before nor after Josiah was there a king like him who turned to the LORD with all his heart and with all his soul and with all his strength, according to all the Law of Moses.” 2 Kings 23:29 – “While Josiah was king, Pharaoh Neco king of Egypt marched up to help the king of Assyria at the Euphrates River. King Josiah marched out to meet him, but Pharaoh Neco killed him at Megiddo when he saw him.” Connections to Additional Scriptures Deuteronomy 6:5-9 Emphasizes the importance of loving God wholeheartedly and keeping His commandments central in our lives. Psalm 119:105 Highlights the guiding power of God's Word as a lamp to our feet and a light to our path. Romans 12:1-2 Calls believers to present themselves as living sacrifices, transformed by the renewing of their minds. 1 Corinthians 5:7-8 Encourages believers to celebrate the Passover with sincerity and truth, reflecting on Christ as our Passover Lamb. Teaching Points Rediscovery of the Law Josiah's reforms began with the rediscovery of the Book of the Law in the temple. When the king heard the words of the Book of the Law, he tore his clothes (2 Kings 22:11). This highlights the importance of God's Word as the foundation for spiritual renewal. Covenant Renewal Josiah gathered all the people and renewed the covenant before the LORD, committing to follow His commandments wholeheartedly (2 Kings 23:3). This act underscores the significance of communal commitment to God's standards. Destruction of Idolatry Josiah took radical steps to eliminate idolatry from the land, destroying altars, idols, and high places (2 Kings 23:4-20). This demonstrates the necessity of removing sin and false worship from our lives. Restoration of True Worship Josiah reinstated the Passover, a key element of true worship, which had been neglected for generations (2 Kings 23:21-23). This emphasizes the importance of returning to authentic worship practices. Legacy of Obedience Despite Josiah's reforms, the chapter concludes with a reminder of the consequences of past disobedience (2 Kings 23:26-27). This serves as a sobering reminder of the long-term impact of sin. Practical Applications Prioritize Scripture Just as Josiah's reforms began with the rediscovery of God's Word, we should prioritize regular Bible study and allow Scripture to guide our lives. Commit to Holiness Like Josiah, we must be willing to take radical steps to remove sin and idolatry from our lives, committing ourselves fully to God's standards. Engage in Corporate Worship Participate actively in communal worship and covenant renewal, recognizing the importance of gathering with fellow believers to seek God together. Celebrate Spiritual Milestones Just as Josiah reinstated the Passover, we should celebrate and remember significant spiritual milestones in our lives, reinforcing our commitment to God. People 1. Josiah The king of Judah who initiated religious reforms to restore the worship of Yahweh. He is central to the chapter as he leads the covenant renewal and purges idolatry from the land. The name "Josiah" (יֹאשִׁיָּהוּ, Yo'shiyahu) means "Yahweh supports." 2. Hilkiah The high priest who found the Book of the Law in the temple. His discovery is pivotal to Josiah's reforms. "Hilkiah" (חִלְקִיָּהוּ, Chilqiyahu) means "my portion is Yahweh." 3. Shaphan The scribe who read the Book of the Law to King Josiah. His role is crucial in communicating the contents of the book. "Shaphan" (שָׁפָן) means "rock badger" or "coney." 4. Ahikam Son of Shaphan, mentioned as one of the officials sent by Josiah to consult the prophetess Huldah. "Ahikam" (אֲחִיקָם) means "my brother has risen." 5. Achbor Another official sent by Josiah to consult Huldah. "Achbor" (עַכְבּוֹר) means "mouse." 6. Shaphan's son Referred to as "Achbor son of Micaiah" in some translations, indicating his lineage. 7. Asaiah A servant of the king, also sent to consult Huldah. "Asaiah" (עֲשָׂיָה) means "Yahweh has made." 8. Huldah The prophetess consulted by Josiah's officials. She delivers a message from God regarding the fate of Judah. "Huldah" (חֻלְדָּה) means "weasel." 9. Jeremiah Mentioned indirectly as the prophet whose writings are referenced in the reforms. "Jeremiah" (יִרְמְיָהוּ, Yirmeyahu) means "Yahweh will exalt." 10. Manasseh Former king of Judah, whose idolatrous practices are condemned and reversed by Josiah. "Manasseh" (מְנַשֶּׁה) means "causing to forget." 11. Amon Josiah's father, also a former king of Judah, known for his idolatry. "Amon" (אָמֹן) means "faithful" or "trustworthy." 12. Pharaoh Neco The Egyptian king who kills Josiah at Megiddo. "Neco" (נְכוֹ) is a transliteration of the Egyptian name. Places 1. Jerusalem The capital city of Judah, where King Josiah reigned and initiated religious reforms. It is central to the events of 2 Kings 23, as Josiah gathers the people there to renew the covenant with the LORD (2 Kings 23:1-2). 2. Bethel A significant religious site in the northern kingdom of Israel, known for its association with idolatry, particularly the golden calf set up by Jeroboam. Josiah defiles the altar at Bethel as part of his reforms (2 Kings 23:4, 15). 3. Topheth Located in the Valley of Ben Hinnom, near Jerusalem, it was a site where child sacrifices were made to Molech. Josiah desecrates Topheth to prevent further sacrifices (2 Kings 23:10). 4. Samaria The capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, which had fallen to the Assyrians. Josiah extends his reforms into the former northern kingdom, including Samaria, to eradicate idolatry (2 Kings 23:19). 5. Megiddo A city in the northern part of Israel, known for its strategic military significance. It is where King Josiah is killed in battle by Pharaoh Neco of Egypt (2 Kings 23:29). 6. Geba A town in the territory of Benjamin, mentioned as a boundary marker in Josiah's reforms, indicating the extent of his religious purges (2 Kings 23:8). 7. Beersheba A city in the southern part of Judah, often considered the southernmost boundary of the land of Israel. Josiah's reforms reach as far as Beersheba, where he destroys high places (2 Kings 23:8). Events 1. Josiah Renews the Covenant King Josiah gathers all the elders of Judah and Jerusalem, and they go up to the house of the LORD. He reads the words of the Book of the Covenant found in the house of the LORD to all the people, renewing the covenant to follow the LORD and keep His commandments (2 Kings 23:1-3). 2. Removal of Idolatrous Articles Josiah orders the removal of all the articles made for Baal, Asherah, and all the host of heaven from the temple of the LORD. He burns them outside Jerusalem in the fields of the Kidron Valley (2 Kings 23:4). 3. Destruction of Idolatrous Priests Josiah deposes the idolatrous priests appointed by the kings of Judah to burn incense on the high places and those who burned incense to Baal, the sun, the moon, the constellations, and all the host of heaven (2 Kings 23:5). 4. Removal of Asherah Pole He removes the Asherah pole from the house of the LORD to the Kidron Valley, where he burns it, grinds it to powder, and scatters the dust over the graves of the common people (2 Kings 23:6). 5. Destruction of Male Shrine Prostitutes' Quarters Josiah tears down the quarters of the male shrine prostitutes, which were in the house of the LORD, where women wove hangings for Asherah (2 Kings 23:7). 6. Desecration of High Places He desecrates the high places from Geba to Beersheba, where the priests had burned incense, and breaks down the high places at the gates (2 Kings 23:8). 7. Defilement of Topheth Josiah defiles Topheth in the Valley of Ben Hinnom, so no one could use it to sacrifice his son or daughter in the fire to Molech (2 Kings 23:10). 8. Removal of Horses Dedicated to the Sun He removes the horses that the kings of Judah had dedicated to the sun at the entrance of the house of the LORD and burns the chariots of the sun with fire (2 Kings 23:11). 9. Destruction of Altars Josiah breaks down the altars on the roof of the upper chamber of Ahaz and the altars Manasseh had made in the two courts of the house of the LORD, throwing their dust into the Kidron Valley (2 Kings 23:12). 10. Desecration of High Places Built by Solomon He desecrates the high places east of Jerusalem, which Solomon had built for Ashtoreth, Chemosh, and Milcom, breaking the sacred pillars and cutting down the Asherah poles (2 Kings 23:13-14). 11. Destruction of Jeroboam's Altar at Bethel Josiah destroys the altar at Bethel, the high place made by Jeroboam, burning the high place and crushing it to powder, and burns the Asherah pole (2 Kings 23:15). 12. Fulfillment of Prophecy Josiah fulfills the prophecy spoken by the man of God concerning the altar at Bethel by burning human bones on it (2 Kings 23:16-18). 13. Removal of High Places in Samaria He removes all the shrines of the high places in the cities of Samaria, executing the priests of the high places on the altars and burning human bones on them (2 Kings 23:19-20). 14. Celebration of the Passover Josiah commands the people to celebrate the Passover to the LORD as it is written in the Book of the Covenant, a Passover not observed since the days of the judges (2 Kings 23:21-23). 15. Removal of Mediums and Spiritists Josiah removes mediums, spiritists, household gods, idols, and all abominations seen in Judah and Jerusalem to fulfill the words of the law (2 Kings 23:24). 16. Josiah's Righteousness The text highlights Josiah's unparalleled righteousness, as he turned to the LORD with all his heart, soul, and strength, in accordance with the Law of Moses (2 Kings 23:25). 17. The LORD's Anger Against Judah Despite Josiah's reforms, the LORD's fierce anger against Judah remains due to the provocations of Manasseh, and He declares He will remove Judah from His presence (2 Kings 23:26-27). 18. Josiah's Death Josiah is killed by Pharaoh Neco at Megiddo, and his body is brought back to Jerusalem and buried in his own tomb (2 Kings 23:28-30). 19. Jehoahaz Becomes King The people of the land take Jehoahaz, Josiah's son, anoint him, and make him king in his father's place (2 Kings 23:30). 20. Jehoahaz's Reign and Captivity Jehoahaz reigns for three months in Jerusalem, does evil in the sight of the LORD, and is captured by Pharaoh Neco, who imposes a tribute on the land (2 Kings 23:31-33). 21. Eliakim Made King Pharaoh Neco makes Eliakim, another son of Josiah, king in place of Jehoahaz, changing his name to Jehoiakim, and takes Jehoahaz to Egypt, where he dies (2 Kings 23:34). 22. Jehoiakim's Reign Jehoiakim reigns for eleven years, does evil in the sight of the LORD, and imposes heavy taxes on the people to pay Pharaoh Neco (2 Kings 23:35-37). Lessons from 2 Kings 23 1. Rediscovering the Word of God In 2 Kings 23, we see the power of rediscovering God's Word. When King Josiah found the Book of the Law, it transformed his life and reign. This reminds us of the importance of regularly engaging with Scripture. As it says in 2 Kings 23:2, "He read in their hearing all the words of the Book of the Covenant." Let this be a call to immerse ourselves in the Bible, allowing it to guide our lives. 2. The Power of Repentance Josiah's response to the Word was immediate repentance. He tore his clothes in sorrow, demonstrating a heart truly turned toward God. "Because your heart was responsive and you humbled yourself before the LORD," (2 Kings 22:19) God heard him. Repentance is a powerful act that aligns us with God's will and opens the door to His mercy. 3. Leadership by Example Josiah led by example, showing his people how to follow God wholeheartedly. He didn't just command change; he lived it. "The king stood by the pillar and renewed the covenant in the presence of the LORD" (2 Kings 23:3). As leaders in our communities and families, we are called to model a life of faith and integrity. 4. Removing Idols from Our Lives Josiah's reforms included the removal of idols and false worship from the land. This is a vivid reminder to examine our own lives for anything that takes precedence over God. "He removed from the temple of the LORD all the articles made for Baal and Asherah" (2 Kings 23:4). Let us clear our hearts of distractions and focus on what truly matters. 5. The Importance of Covenant Renewal Renewing the covenant was central to Josiah's reforms. It was a public declaration of commitment to God. "All the people pledged themselves to the covenant" (2 Kings 23:3). Regularly renewing our commitment to God keeps our faith vibrant and our relationship with Him strong. 6. The Influence of a Godly Leader Josiah's influence was profound, leading the nation back to God. His story shows the impact one person can have when they are dedicated to God's purposes. "Neither before nor after Josiah was there a king like him who turned to the LORD as he did" (2 Kings 23:25). We too can be catalysts for change in our spheres of influence. 7. The Consequences of Disobedience Despite Josiah's reforms, the consequences of past disobedience were still felt. This serves as a sobering reminder that our actions have lasting effects. "Nevertheless, the LORD did not turn away from the heat of His fierce anger" (2 Kings 23:26). Let us strive to live in obedience to avoid unnecessary consequences. 8. The Role of Scripture in Reform Scripture was the foundation of Josiah's reforms. It guided his actions and decisions. "He did away with the idolatrous priests" (2 Kings 23:5). This underscores the importance of grounding our lives and decisions in the truth of God's Word. 9. The Joy of Obedience Josiah's reforms brought about a renewed sense of joy and purpose among the people. Obedience to God leads to a fulfilling and joyful life. "The Passover had not been observed like this in Israel since the days of the judges" (2 Kings 23:22). When we follow God's commands, we experience His blessings. 10. Legacy of Faithfulness Josiah's legacy was one of faithfulness and devotion to God. His story encourages us to leave a legacy that honors God and inspires future generations. "He followed completely the ways of his father David" (2 Kings 23:25). Let us strive to be remembered for our unwavering commitment to the Lord. These lessons from 2 Kings 23 remind us of the transformative power of God's Word and the impact of living a life dedicated to Him. May we be inspired to follow Josiah's example and seek God with all our hearts. Topics 1. Josiah Renews the Covenant Josiah gathers all the people and reads the Book of the Covenant, renewing the commitment to follow the LORD. This act emphasizes the importance of returning to God's Word and covenant. The Hebrew term for "covenant" (בְּרִית, ^berit^) signifies a binding agreement, underscoring the seriousness of this renewal. 2. Removal of Idolatry Josiah orders the removal of all idolatrous items from the temple, including those made for Baal, Asherah, and the host of heaven. This reflects a purging of false worship and a return to monotheistic worship of Yahweh. The Hebrew word for "idols" (גִּלּוּלִים, ^gillulim^) often implies detestable or worthless things. 3. Destruction of the High Places The high places, where unauthorized worship occurred, are destroyed. Josiah's actions demonstrate a commitment to centralized worship in Jerusalem, as prescribed in the Law. The term "high places" (בָּמוֹת, ^bamot^) refers to elevated sites often used for pagan rituals. 4. Defilement of Topheth Josiah defiles Topheth in the Valley of Ben Hinnom to prevent child sacrifices to Molech. This act is a strong stance against the abominable practices that had infiltrated Judah. The Hebrew word "Topheth" (תֹּפֶת, ^tophet^) is associated with burning and sacrifice. 5. Abolition of Pagan Practices Josiah abolishes various pagan practices, including the horses dedicated to the sun and the altars built by previous kings. This highlights the need for purity in worship and the rejection of syncretism. The Hebrew term for "abomination" (תּוֹעֵבָה, ^to'evah^) is used to describe these detestable practices. 6. Restoration of the Passover Josiah restores the observance of the Passover, which had been neglected. This restoration signifies a return to foundational religious practices and remembrance of God's deliverance. The Hebrew word for "Passover" (פֶּסַח, ^pesach^) is central to Jewish identity and faith. 7. Removal of Necromancers and Mediums Josiah removes necromancers and mediums from the land, in accordance with the Law's prohibition against such practices. This action underscores the importance of seeking guidance from God alone. The Hebrew term for "mediums" (אֹבוֹת, ^ovot^) refers to those who claim to communicate with the dead. 8. Josiah's Death and Legacy The chapter concludes with the account of Josiah's death in battle and a reflection on his legacy as a king who turned to the LORD with all his heart. His reign is marked by a sincere effort to reform and restore true worship. The Hebrew word for "heart" (לֵב, ^lev^) often denotes the center of one's being and commitment. Themes 1. Covenant Renewal King Josiah renews the covenant with the Lord, committing to follow His commandments wholeheartedly. This theme emphasizes the importance of returning to God's covenant, as seen in 2 Kings 23:3: "So the king stood by the pillar and made a covenant before the LORD to follow the LORD and to keep His commandments, decrees, and statutes with all his heart and all his soul, to carry out the words of this covenant that were written in this book." 2. Destruction of Idolatry Josiah's reforms include the destruction of idols and pagan altars throughout Judah, highlighting the theme of purging idolatry to restore true worship. In 2 Kings 23:4, it states, "Then the king commanded Hilkiah the high priest, the priests of the second order, and the doorkeepers to remove from the temple of the LORD all the articles made for Baal, Asherah, and all the host of heaven." 3. Centralization of Worship Josiah centralizes worship in Jerusalem, abolishing high places and unauthorized worship sites, as seen in 2 Kings 23:8: "Then Josiah brought all the priests from the cities of Judah and defiled the high places from Geba to Beersheba, where the priests had burned incense." 4. Restoration of the Passover The observance of the Passover is restored, underscoring the theme of returning to foundational religious practices. 2 Kings 23:21 states, "The king commanded all the people, 'Keep the Passover to the LORD your God, as it is written in this Book of the Covenant.'" 5. Condemnation of False Prophets and Practices Josiah eradicates false prophets and practices, emphasizing the need for spiritual purity. In 2 Kings 23:24, it is written, "Furthermore, Josiah removed the mediums and spiritists, the household gods and idols, and all the abominations seen in the land of Judah and in Jerusalem." 6. Divine Judgment and Mercy Despite Josiah's reforms, the Lord's judgment on Judah remains due to the sins of Manasseh, illustrating the theme of divine justice and mercy. 2 Kings 23:26-27 states, "Nevertheless, the LORD did not turn away from the fierceness of His great wrath, which burned against Judah because of all that Manasseh had done to provoke Him to anger." Prayer Points Pray for a renewed hunger and reverence for God's Word in our lives and communities. Ask God for the courage and strength to remove any idols or sinful practices from our lives. Seek God's guidance in restoring authentic worship and spiritual practices in our churches. Pray for a lasting legacy of obedience and faithfulness to God in our families and communities. Answering Tough Questions 1. How credible is the sudden discovery of the “Book of the Law” in 2 Kings 23:2 given the lack of external historical records? 2. If Josiah destroyed so many idolatrous sites (2 Kings 23:4–20), why is there little archaeological evidence of such widespread destruction? 3. Why does 2 Kings 23:25 suggest Josiah surpassed even David in devotion, seemingly contradicting other texts that exalt David’s faithfulness? 4. Is the reported scale of Josiah’s Passover celebration (2 Kings 23:21–23) historically plausible, given scant external corroboration? 5. How do we reconcile Pharaoh Necho’s role in Josiah’s death (2 Kings 23:29) with differing details in other historical sources and the account in 2 Chronicles 35? Bible Study Discussion Questions 1. How did King Josiah react when he heard the words of the Book of the Covenant? 2. How can King Josiah's actions inspire Christians today to eradicate sinful habits in their lives? 3. How did the people of Judah and Jerusalem respond to Josiah's call for covenant renewal? 4. Discuss the significance of the Passover celebration in the time of King Josiah. 5. In what ways did King Josiah strive to abolish idolatry from Judah? 6. Despite Josiah's reforms, why does God's judgment remain on Judah? 7. What can we learn about the seriousness of sin from God's continued anger towards Judah? 8. How does Josiah's death reflect on his life and reign? 9. What lessons can we learn about obedience and disobedience from King Josiah's reign? 10. How does the prophecy fulfillment in this chapter contribute to the larger biblical narrative? 11. How can we apply the principles of covenant renewal to our personal faith journeys? 12. How does King Josiah’s zeal for reformation inspire you in your faith? 13. How can we eradicate 'idolatry' in modern terms from our lives, similar to Josiah's reform? 14. Despite our best efforts to follow God, why might we still face consequences for past sins? 15. How can the story of King Josiah influence our understanding of God's justice and mercy? 16. What can Josiah's response to the discovered scripture teach us about receiving God's Word today? 17. In what ways can we ensure we are not merely hearing but also implementing God’s word in our lives? 18. How might you, as a Christian, honor God's covenant in your daily life similar to Josiah's efforts? 19. How does Josiah's commitment to the Passover impact your understanding of Christian traditions today? 20. How can King Josiah’s reign influence your understanding of leadership from a Christian perspective? Bible Hub Chapter Summaries and Bible Study Questions