◄ Luke 23 ►
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Berean Standard Bible | Par ▾
Jesus before Pilate (Matthew 27:11–14; John 18:28–40) 1Then the whole council rose and led Jesus away to Pilate. 2And they began to accuse Him, saying, “We found this man subverting our nation, forbidding payment of taxes to Caesar, and proclaiming Himself to be Christ, a King.” 3So Pilate asked Him, “Are You the King of the Jews?” “You have said so,” Jesus replied. 4Then Pilate said to the chief priests and the crowds, “I find no basis for a charge against this man.” 5But they kept insisting, “He stirs up the people all over Judea with His teaching. He began in Galilee and has come all the way here.” Jesus before Herod 6When Pilate heard this, he asked if the man was a Galilean. 7And learning that Jesus was under Herod’s jurisdiction, he sent Him to Herod, who himself was in Jerusalem at that time. 8When Herod saw Jesus, he was greatly pleased. He had wanted to see Him for a long time, because he had heard about Him and was hoping to see Him perform a miracle. 9Herod questioned Jesus at great length, but He gave no answer. 10Meanwhile, the chief priests and scribes stood there, vehemently accusing Him. 11And even Herod and his soldiers ridiculed and mocked Him. Dressing Him in a fine robe, they sent Him back to Pilate. 12That day Herod and Pilate became friends; before this time they had been enemies. The Crowd Chooses Barabbas (Matthew 27:15–23; Mark 15:6–11) 13Then Pilate called together the chief priests, the rulers, and the people, 14and said to them, “You brought me this man as one who was inciting the people to rebellion. I have examined Him here in your presence and found Him not guilty of your charges against Him. 15Neither has Herod, for he sent Him back to us. As you can see, He has done nothing deserving of death. 16Therefore I will punish Him and release Him.”a 18But they all cried out in unison: “Away with this man! Release Barabbas to us!” 19(Barabbas had been imprisoned for an insurrection in the city, and for murder.) 20Wanting to release Jesus, Pilate addressed them again, 21but they kept shouting, “Crucify Him! Crucify Him!” 22A third time he said to them, “What evil has this man done? I have found in Him no offense worthy of death. So after I punish Him, I will release Him.” 23But they were insistent, demanding with loud voices for Jesus to be crucified. And their clamorb prevailed. 24So Pilate sentenced that their demand be met. 25As they had requested, he released the one imprisoned for insurrection and murder, and he handed Jesus over to their will. The Crucifixion (Psalm 22:1–31; Matthew 27:32–44; Mark 15:21–32; John 19:16–27) 26As the soldiers led Him away, they seized Simon of Cyrene on his way in from the country, and they put the cross on him to carry behind Jesus. 27A great number of people followed Him, including women who kept mourning and wailing for Him. 28But Jesus turned to them and said, “Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for Me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. 29Look, the days are coming when people will say, ‘Blessed are the barren women, the wombs that never bore, and breasts that never nursed!’ 30At that time ‘they will say to the mountains, “Fall on us!” and to the hills, “Cover us!”’c 31For if men do these things while the tree is green, what will happen when it is dry?” 32Two others, who were criminals, were also led away to be executed with Jesus. 33When they came to the place called The Skull,d they crucified Him there, along with the criminals, one on His right and the other on His left. 34Then Jesus said, “Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing.”e And they divided up His garments by casting lots.f 35The people stood watching, and the rulers sneered at Him,g saying, “He saved others; let Him save Himself if He is the Christ of God, the Chosen One.” 36The soldiers also mocked Him and came up to offer Him sour wine.h 37“If You are the King of the Jews,” they said, “save Yourself!” 38Above Him was posted an inscription:i THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS. 39One of the criminals who hung there heaped abuse on Him. “Are You not the Christ?” he said. “Save Yourself and us!” 40But the other one rebuked him, saying, “Do you not even fear God, since you are under the same judgment? 41We are punished justly, for we are receiving what our actions deserve. But this man has done nothing wrong.” 42Then he said, “Jesus, remember mej when You come into Your kingdom!” 43And Jesus said to him, “Truly I tell you, today you will be with Me in Paradise.” The Death of Jesus (Psalm 31:1–24; Matthew 27:45–56; Mark 15:33–41; John 19:28–30) 44It was now about the sixth hour, and darkness came over all the land until the ninth hour.k 45The sun was darkened,l and the veil of the temple was torn down the middle. 46Then Jesus called out in a loud voice, “Father, into Your hands I commit My Spirit.”m And when He had said this, He breathed His last. 47When the centurion saw what had happened, he gave glory to God, saying, “Surely this was a righteous man.n” 48And when all the people who had gathered for this spectacle saw what had happened, they returned home beating their breasts. 49But all those who knew Jesus, including the women who had followed Him from Galilee, stood at a distance watching these things. The Burial of Jesus (Isaiah 53:9–12; Matthew 27:57–61; Mark 15:42–47; John 19:38–42) 50Now there was a Council member named Joseph, a good and righteous man, 51who had not consented to their decision or action. He was from the Judean town of Arimathea and was waiting for the kingdom of God. 52He went to Pilate to ask for the body of Jesus. 53Then he took it down, wrapped it in a linen cloth, and placed it in a tomb cut into the rock, where no one had yet been laid. 54It was Preparation Day, and the Sabbath was beginning.o 55The women who had come with Jesus from Galilee followed, and they saw the tomb and how His body was placed. 56Then they returned to prepare spices and perfumes. And they rested on the Sabbath, according to the commandment. Footnotes: 16 a BYZ and TR include 17Now Pilate was obligated to release to the people one prisoner at the feast; see Matthew 27:15 and Mark 15:6. 23 b BYZ and TR include and that of the chief priests. 30 c Hosea 10:8 33 d Greek Kranion; Vulgate Calvariae, rendered in some translations as Calvary 34 e Some manuscripts do not include Then Jesus said, “Father... what they are doing.” 34 f See Psalm 22:18. 35 g See Psalm 22:7. 36 h Or to offer Him wine vinegar 38 i BYZ and TR include written in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew; see John 19:20. 42 j BYZ and TR said to Jesus, “Remember me, Lord, 44 k That is, from noon until three in the afternoon 45 l Or failed or was obscured; BYZ and TR became dark 46 m Psalm 31:5 47 n Or an innocent man 54 o Or was about to begin Berean Standard Bible (BSB) printed 2016, 2020, 2022, 2025 by Bible Hub and Berean.Bible. Produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, unfoldingWord, Bible Aquifer, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee. This text of God's Word has been dedicated to the public domain. Free downloads and unlimited usage available. See also the Berean Literal Bible and Berean Interlinear Bible. Bible Hub Luke 23 Summary The Crucifixion Verses 1–7 – Jesus Before Pilate The entire council rushes Jesus to Pilate, accusing Him of subverting the nation, forbidding tribute to Caesar, and claiming kingship. Pilate questions Jesus about being “King of the Jews,” finds no crime, yet—learning Jesus is a Galilean—sends Him to Herod Antipas. Verses 8–12 – Jesus Before Herod Herod is eager for a miracle, bombards Jesus with questions, receives no answer, mocks Him with royal robes, and returns Him to Pilate. That day Herod and Pilate, once hostile, become friends. Verses 13–25 – Barabbas Released, Jesus Condemned Pilate gathers the leaders and the people, declares Jesus innocent, proposes chastisement and release. The crowd demands Barabbas—imprisoned for insurrection and murder—and shouts for Jesus’ crucifixion. Three times Pilate argues; three times the mob roars. Pilate yields, releases Barabbas, and hands Jesus over. Verses 26–31 – On the Way to Golgotha Simon of Cyrene is forced to carry the crossbeam. Jesus addresses mourning women: “Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for Me… if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?” Verses 32–38 – Crucifixion At the Skull (Golgotha), Jesus is crucified between two criminals. “Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing.” Soldiers cast lots for His garments, leaders scoff, soldiers mock with sour wine, a written charge is placed: “THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS.” Verses 39–43 – The Penitent Thief One criminal blasphemes; the other rebukes him, confesses guilt, and pleads, “Jesus, remember me when You come into Your kingdom.” Jesus answers, “Truly I tell you, today you will be with Me in Paradise.” Verses 44–49 – Jesus’ Death Darkness covers the land from noon until three; the temple veil tears in two. Jesus cries, “Father, into Your hands I commit My spirit,” and breathes His last. The centurion praises God: “Surely this was a righteous man.” Multitudes depart beating their breasts; His acquaintances and the women watch from afar. Verses 50–56 – Burial by Joseph Joseph of Arimathea, a good man awaiting the kingdom, requests the body. He wraps Jesus in linen and lays Him in his own unused tomb cut in rock. The women mark the location, then rest on the Sabbath, preparing spices for after the holy day. Luke 23 is a deeply moving chapter that unfolds the climactic moments of Jesus' life on earth: His trials, crucifixion, death, and burial. As the narrative progresses, we witness not only the depths of human cruelty and injustice, but also the heights of divine love, mercy, and the promise of salvation. Historical Setting Pontius Pilate governed Judea (AD 26–36). Roman prefects kept order and collected taxes; capital punishment required their authorization (John 18:31). Herod Antipas ruled Galilee and Perea; Jesus’ Galilean origin allowed Pilate to divert the case. The Sanhedrin’s charge shifted from blasphemy (religious) to sedition (political) because Rome cared little for theology but crushed threats to Caesar. Legal Proceedings and Roman Justice • Jewish trial (Luke 22) concluded at dawn; Daybreak ensured technical legality for capital verdicts. • Pilate conducts four interrogations (Luke 23:3, 6; John 18:33, 19:9). Roman law prized evidence, yet mob pressure trumped process. • The triple declaration “I find no basis for a charge” (Luke 23:4, 14, 22) echoes Deuteronomy 19:15’s demand for two or three witnesses—ironically fulfilled by Pilate himself. Character Spotlights • Pilate: vacillates between justice and political survival (compare John 19:12). • Herod Antipas: long curiosity about Jesus (Luke 9:9); hopes for spectacle yet dismisses the silent Messiah (Isaiah 53:7). • Barabbas: name means “son of the father,” a stark substitute for the true Son of the Father (2 Corinthians 5:21). • Simon of Cyrene: likely a pilgrim from North Africa; Mark names his sons Alexander and Rufus (Mark 15:21; Romans 16:13), hinting at later believers. Prophetic Fulfillment • Isaiah 53:5 – “He was pierced for our transgressions” fulfilled by crucifixion wounds. • Psalm 22:18 – “They divide My garments among them” mirrored in the casting of lots (Luke 23:34). • Amos 8:9 – “I will make the sun go down at noon” anticipates the midday darkness. • Psalm 31:5 – “Into Your hands I commit my spirit” quoted by Jesus (Luke 23:46). • Zechariah 12:10 – People will “look on Me whom they pierced,” foreshadowed in the onlooking crowds and the centurion’s confession. Archaeological Insights • The Lithostrōtos (John 19:13) beneath today’s Convent of the Sisters of Zion likely marks Pilate’s judgment seat pavement. • Herod’s palace fortress on the western hill may also be the site; both areas functioned as praetorium quarters during Passover. • The traditional Church of the Holy Sepulchre stands within the first-century quarry outside the city wall, matching descriptions of “The Skull.” • First-century rock-hewn tombs cut with rolling-stone entrances match Luke’s note of a tomb “in which no one had yet been laid” (23:53). Crucifixion Practices • Victims carried the patibulum (crossbeam) while the upright stake remained fixed. Exhaustion or scourging often required conscripted help, explaining Simon’s draft. • Nails driven through wrists avoided bones (Psalm 34:20). A peg (sedile) supported body weight, prolonging agony. • Charges were written on a titulus; Pilate’s trilingual inscription (John 19:20) publicized Rome’s warning: rival kingship ends here. Jesus’ Seven Sayings on the Cross (Luke records three) 1. “Father, forgive them…” (23:34) – initial pledge of mercy. 2. “Today you will be with Me in Paradise” (23:43) – personal salvation moment. 3. “Father, into Your hands…” (23:46) – willing surrender. The Two Criminals: A Study in Contrasts • Both begin in mockery (Matthew 27:44). One persists; the other turns. • Repentant thief admits guilt, fears God, acknowledges Jesus’ innocence, and trusts His kingship—four steps of saving faith (Romans 10:9). • Immediate assurance “today” demonstrates that eternal life begins at belief, not after works. Women Disciples and Eyewitness Reliability • Luke names women more than any Gospel writer (Luke 8:1–3). • Their presence at the cross and tomb counters ancient bias that discounted female testimony; Luke purposefully elevates these witnesses for historical credibility. The Torn Veil and Access to God • The inner curtain separated the holy place from the Most Holy Place (Exodus 26:33). • Its splitting from top to bottom (Mark 15:38) during Jesus’ final cry signifies open access through His sacrifice (Hebrews 10:19–20). • Temple priests on duty would have seen the event, seeding later conversions (Acts 6:7). Cosmic Signs and Roman Witness • Noon-to-three darkness recorded by non-biblical sources such as Thallus (via Julius Africanus) and Phlegon confirms an extraordinary event. • The centurion’s exclamation matches Matthew 27:54’s “Son of God,” showing Gentile recognition even while Israel’s leaders rejected Him. Sabbath and Burial Customs • Jewish law required burial before sundown (Deuteronomy 21:22–23). • Linen wrappings and spices (John 19:39) followed typical interment rites; a large stone sealed the tomb (Matthew 27:60). • The women’s return “very early on the first day of the week” (Luke 24:1) hinges on their careful observance of Sabbath rest. Practical Takeaways • Innocence does not guarantee earthly justice; Christ endured wrongful judgment so believers might stand acquitted before God (Romans 8:1). • Forgiveness can be extended even while wounds are fresh—Jesus models it in real time, not in hindsight. • Repentance is never too late; the thief’s final hours prove salvation is by faith, not by a lifetime résumé. • Public courage surfaces in unlikely places: Joseph of Arimathea steps forward when trained disciples hide. • God weaves redemption through political shifts, personal choices, and supernatural signs; nothing escapes His hand. Cross-References for Deeper Reading • Parallel Passion accounts: Matthew 27; Mark 15; John 18–19. • Suffering Servant: Isaiah 52:13–53:12. • Messianic Psalms: 22; 69. • Early preaching on the cross: Acts 2:22–36; 3:13–15; 13:27–39. • New-covenant access: Hebrews 9–10; Ephesians 2:13–18. Summary Reflection Luke 23 traces the final earthly hours of Jesus with historical precision and emotional depth. The chapter displays human injustice, divine purpose, and the open door to forgiveness. Kings and governors, soldiers and criminals, mourners and mockers all circle the cross, yet the central figure remains composed, merciful, and sovereign. The empty tomb in the following chapter will confirm what the torn veil already hinted—death is not the end of the story. Connections to Additional Scriptures Isaiah 53 This chapter prophesies the suffering and sacrifice of the Messiah, fulfilled in Luke 23. Romans 5:8 But God proves His love for us in this: While we were still sinners, Christ died for us. This verse underscores the love demonstrated in Luke 23. Hebrews 10:19-22 These verses discuss the significance of the torn veil, encouraging believers to draw near to God with confidence. Teaching Points The Trial of Jesus Luke 23:1-25 details the trial of Jesus before Pilate and Herod. Despite finding no fault in Him, Pilate succumbs to the crowd's demands. This highlights the theme of injustice and the fulfillment of Isaiah 53:7, He was oppressed and afflicted, yet He did not open His mouth. The Crucifixion Verses 26-43 describe the crucifixion, where Jesus is mocked and scorned. Yet, even in His suffering, He extends grace, saying, Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing (Luke 23:34). This demonstrates His divine love and mercy. The Repentant Thief In verses 39-43, one of the criminals crucified alongside Jesus acknowledges His innocence and asks to be remembered in His kingdom. Jesus responds, Truly I tell you, today you will be with Me in Paradise (Luke 23:43), illustrating the immediacy of salvation through faith. The Death of Jesus Verses 44-49 describe the supernatural events surrounding Jesus' death, including darkness over the land and the tearing of the temple veil, symbolizing the new access to God through Christ. The Burial Verses 50-56 recount the burial of Jesus by Joseph of Arimathea, a righteous man who boldly requests Jesus' body, fulfilling the prophecy of Isaiah 53:9. Practical Applications Stand Firm in Truth Like Pilate, we may face pressure to conform to the world. We must stand firm in truth, even when it is unpopular. Extend Forgiveness Jesus' example of forgiving those who wronged Him challenges us to forgive others, reflecting His love and grace. Embrace Salvation The account of the repentant thief reminds us that it is never too late to turn to Christ and receive His gift of salvation. Live with Hope The tearing of the temple veil signifies our direct access to God. We can live with hope and confidence in our relationship with Him. People 1. Jesus Central figure in the chapter, Jesus is brought before Pilate, sent to Herod, and ultimately crucified. He is referred to as the "Christ" (Greek: Χριστός, Christos), meaning "Anointed One." 2. Pilate The Roman governor who presides over Jesus' trial. Pilate finds no fault in Jesus but ultimately consents to the crowd's demand for crucifixion. 3. Herod Antipas The tetrarch of Galilee, who questions Jesus after Pilate sends Him. Herod is curious about Jesus but mocks Him and sends Him back to Pilate. 4. The Chief Priests and Rulers Jewish religious leaders who accuse Jesus and demand His crucifixion. They are instrumental in bringing Jesus before Pilate. 5. The Crowd The assembly of people who demand Jesus' crucifixion and the release of Barabbas. Their cries influence Pilate's decision. 6. Barabbas A prisoner released instead of Jesus. He was imprisoned for insurrection and murder. 7. Simon of Cyrene Compelled to carry Jesus' cross. He is identified as coming from Cyrene, a region in North Africa. 8. The Women of Jerusalem A group of women who mourn and lament for Jesus as He is led to His crucifixion. Jesus addresses them directly. 9. The Two Criminals Crucified alongside Jesus, one on His right and the other on His left. One mocks Jesus, while the other asks to be remembered in His kingdom. 10. The Centurion A Roman officer who, upon witnessing Jesus' death, glorifies God and declares Jesus' innocence. 11. Joseph of Arimathea A member of the Council who did not consent to Jesus' condemnation. He requests Jesus' body and provides a tomb for His burial. Places 1. Pilate's Headquarters (Praetorium) This is where Jesus was brought before Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, for trial. The term "Praetorium" refers to the governor's official residence or judgment hall. In the original Greek, the word used is "πραιτώριον" (praitorion). 2. Herod's Palace After Pilate learned that Jesus was a Galilean, he sent Him to Herod Antipas, who was in Jerusalem at the time. Herod's palace served as his residence when he was in the city. The Greek text refers to Herod's involvement without specifying the exact location within the palace. 3. Golgotha (The Skull) This is the site where Jesus was crucified. The name "Golgotha" is derived from the Aramaic word for "skull," and in Greek, it is "Γολγοθᾶ" (Golgotha). The Latin equivalent is "Calvary." 4. The Place of the Skull This is another reference to Golgotha, emphasizing its meaning. The Berean Standard Bible uses "The Skull" to describe the location, aligning with the Greek "Κρανίον" (Kranion). 5. The Temple While not a direct location of the events in Luke 23, the tearing of the temple veil is mentioned as a significant event following Jesus' death. The Greek word for temple is "ναός" (naos), indicating the inner sanctuary. 6. Joseph of Arimathea's Tomb Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the Council, provided his own new tomb for Jesus' burial. This tomb was hewn out of rock and located in a garden near the crucifixion site. The Greek text refers to it as a "μνημεῖον" (mnemeion), meaning a memorial or tomb. Events 1. Jesus Before Pilate Jesus is brought before Pilate by the assembly, who accuse Him of misleading the nation and opposing payment of taxes to Caesar, claiming Himself to be Christ, a King (Luke 23:1-2). The Greek term "Christos" (Χριστός) means "Anointed One" or "Messiah." 2. Pilate Questions Jesus Pilate asks Jesus if He is the King of the Jews. Jesus responds, "You have said so" (Luke 23:3). The phrase "You have said so" (Σὺ λέγεις) is a Greek idiomatic expression affirming the statement. 3. Pilate Finds No Basis for a Charge Pilate tells the chief priests and the crowd that he finds no basis for a charge against Jesus (Luke 23:4). 4. Jesus Sent to Herod Upon learning that Jesus is a Galilean, Pilate sends Him to Herod, who is in Jerusalem at the time (Luke 23:6-7). 5. Herod Mocks Jesus Herod, hoping to see a miracle, questions Jesus but receives no answer. Herod and his soldiers mock Jesus, dress Him in a splendid robe, and send Him back to Pilate (Luke 23:8-11). 6. Pilate and Herod Become Friends Herod and Pilate, previously at odds, become friends that day (Luke 23:12). 7. Pilate Proposes to Release Jesus Pilate tells the crowd that neither he nor Herod found Jesus guilty of any crime deserving death and proposes to punish and release Him (Luke 23:13-16). 8. The Crowd Chooses Barabbas The crowd demands the release of Barabbas, a prisoner involved in an insurrection and murder, instead of Jesus (Luke 23:18-19). 9. Pilate Yields to the Crowd Despite Pilate's attempts to release Jesus, the crowd insists on crucifixion. Pilate eventually yields to their demand (Luke 23:20-24). 10. Simon of Cyrene Carries the Cross Simon of Cyrene is seized and made to carry the cross behind Jesus (Luke 23:26). 11. Jesus Speaks to the Daughters of Jerusalem Jesus addresses the women mourning for Him, warning them of future tribulations (Luke 23:27-31). 12. The Crucifixion Jesus is crucified at a place called The Skull, alongside two criminals (Luke 23:32-33). 13. Jesus Prays for His Persecutors Jesus prays, "Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing" (Luke 23:34). The Greek word "ἀφίημι" (aphíēmi) means to forgive or release. 14. The Soldiers Cast Lots for His Garments The soldiers divide Jesus' garments by casting lots (Luke 23:34). 15. The Mocking of Jesus The rulers, soldiers, and one of the criminals mock Jesus, challenging Him to save Himself (Luke 23:35-39). 16. The Repentant Criminal One criminal rebukes the other and asks Jesus to remember him when He comes into His kingdom. Jesus assures him, "Truly I tell you, today you will be with Me in Paradise" (Luke 23:40-43). 17. The Death of Jesus Darkness falls over the land, and the temple curtain is torn. Jesus calls out, "Father, into Your hands I commit My spirit," and breathes His last (Luke 23:44-46). The Greek word "παρατίθημι" (paratíthēmi) means to entrust or commit. 18. The Centurion's Declaration The centurion praises God, declaring Jesus innocent (Luke 23:47). 19. The Reaction of the Crowds The crowds, witnessing the events, return home beating their breasts (Luke 23:48). 20. The Women Witness from a Distance The women who followed Jesus from Galilee watch from a distance (Luke 23:49). 21. The Burial of Jesus Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the Council, requests Jesus' body from Pilate, wraps it in linen, and lays it in a tomb (Luke 23:50-53). 22. The Women Prepare Spices The women prepare spices and perfumes for Jesus' body and rest on the Sabbath according to the commandment (Luke 23:54-56). Lessons from Luke 23 1. The Power of Forgiveness In Luke 23:34, Jesus says, "Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing." This profound moment on the cross teaches us the incredible power of forgiveness. Even in His suffering, Jesus exemplifies the ultimate act of grace. In our daily lives, we can follow His example by forgiving those who wrong us, freeing ourselves from the burden of resentment and opening our hearts to peace. 2. The Promise of Paradise When the repentant thief on the cross asks Jesus to remember him, Jesus replies in Luke 23:43, "Truly I tell you, today you will be with Me in Paradise." This exchange is a powerful reminder that salvation is available to all who believe, regardless of their past. It encourages us to share the message of hope and redemption with others, knowing that it's never too late for a change of heart. 3. The Fulfillment of Prophecy Luke 23:46 records Jesus' final words, "Father, into Your hands I commit My spirit." This moment fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 31:5, demonstrating the consistency and reliability of Scripture. It reassures us that God's plan is always in motion, and His promises are trustworthy. We can find comfort in knowing that our lives are part of His divine narrative. 4. The Reality of Sacrifice The crucifixion is a stark reminder of the cost of our salvation. Jesus' willingness to endure such suffering for our sake is a call to reflect on the depth of His love. As we go about our daily routines, let us remember the sacrifice made on our behalf and strive to live lives that honor His gift. 5. The Role of Witnesses In Luke 23:47, the centurion praises God, saying, "Surely this was a righteous man." This acknowledgment from a Roman soldier highlights the impact of witnessing Christ's sacrifice. It challenges us to be bold in our faith, knowing that our testimony can lead others to recognize the truth of Jesus' righteousness. 6. The Importance of Repentance The contrasting responses of the two criminals crucified alongside Jesus illustrate the importance of repentance. One mocks, while the other seeks mercy. This teaches us that a humble heart open to repentance is key to receiving God's grace. In our interactions, we should encourage others to turn towards God with sincerity and humility. 7. The Compassion of Christ Even in His agony, Jesus shows compassion to those around Him. His interaction with the women of Jerusalem in Luke 23:28, where He says, "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for Me, but weep for yourselves and for your children," reflects His concern for others. This compassion calls us to look beyond our own struggles and extend kindness and empathy to those in need. 8. The Significance of the Veil Luke 23:45 notes that the curtain of the temple was torn in two at Jesus' death. This event signifies the removal of the barrier between God and humanity, granting us direct access to the Father. It encourages us to approach God with confidence, knowing that through Christ, we are welcomed into His presence. 9. The Courage of Discipleship Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the council, boldly asks for Jesus' body in Luke 23:52. His courage in the face of potential backlash inspires us to stand firm in our faith, even when it requires stepping out of our comfort zones. As disciples, we are called to act with conviction and integrity, regardless of the cost. 10. The Hope of Resurrection While Luke 23 ends with Jesus' burial, it sets the stage for the glorious resurrection. This chapter reminds us that even in the darkest moments, hope is on the horizon. As believers, we live with the assurance that death is not the end, and we are called to share this hope with a world in need of light. Topics 1. Jesus Before Pilate In Luke 23:1-5, Jesus is brought before Pontius Pilate by the assembly, who accuse Him of misleading the nation and opposing the payment of taxes to Caesar. Pilate questions Jesus, asking if He is the King of the Jews, to which Jesus responds affirmatively. Despite the accusations, Pilate finds no basis for a charge against Him. 2. Jesus Before Herod Verses 6-12 describe how Pilate, upon learning that Jesus is a Galilean, sends Him to Herod Antipas, who was in Jerusalem at the time. Herod is eager to see Jesus, hoping to witness a miracle. However, Jesus remains silent in the face of Herod's questioning. Herod and his soldiers mock Jesus and send Him back to Pilate. 3. Pilate Delivers Jesus to Be Crucified In verses 13-25, Pilate attempts to release Jesus, finding no guilt in Him deserving death. However, the crowd demands the release of Barabbas, a prisoner involved in insurrection and murder, and insists on crucifying Jesus. Pilate ultimately concedes to their demands. 4. The Crucifixion Verses 26-43 detail the journey to Golgotha, where Simon of Cyrene is compelled to carry the cross for Jesus. Jesus speaks to the women mourning for Him, prophesying the coming tribulations. At the crucifixion site, Jesus is nailed to the cross between two criminals. Despite the mockery from the rulers and soldiers, Jesus prays for their forgiveness. One of the criminals acknowledges Jesus' innocence and asks to be remembered in His kingdom, to which Jesus promises him paradise. 5. The Death of Jesus In verses 44-49, darkness covers the land, and the temple veil is torn. Jesus cries out with a loud voice, committing His spirit into the Father's hands, and breathes His last. The centurion witnessing these events glorifies God, acknowledging Jesus' righteousness. The crowds, struck with remorse, return home, while Jesus' acquaintances and the women from Galilee observe from a distance. 6. The Burial of Jesus Verses 50-56 describe Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the Council who had not consented to their decision, requesting Jesus' body from Pilate. Joseph wraps the body in linen and places it in a new tomb. The women who followed Jesus prepare spices and perfumes, resting on the Sabbath according to the commandment. Themes 1. The Trial of Jesus The chapter begins with Jesus being brought before Pilate. The religious leaders accuse Him of misleading the nation and claiming to be a king. Pilate finds no basis for a charge against Jesus, but the crowd insists on His crucifixion. This theme highlights the fulfillment of prophecy and the innocence of Jesus amidst false accusations. The Greek term "κατηγορέω" (katēgoreō) is used for "accuse," emphasizing the legal and formal nature of the charges. 2. The Role of Pilate and Herod Pilate sends Jesus to Herod, who was in Jerusalem at the time. Herod, curious about Jesus, questions Him but ultimately mocks Him and sends Him back to Pilate. This theme underscores the political dynamics and the reluctance of both leaders to take responsibility for Jesus' fate. The interaction between Pilate and Herod also fulfills the prophecy of Jesus being rejected by both Jewish and Gentile authorities. 3. The Choice of Barabbas Pilate offers to release Jesus or Barabbas, a known criminal, to the crowd. The crowd chooses Barabbas, illustrating the rejection of the Messiah in favor of a sinner. This theme reflects the substitutionary aspect of Jesus' sacrifice, as the innocent is condemned while the guilty is set free. The Greek word "ἀπολύω" (apolyō) is used for "release," indicating the granting of freedom. 4. The Crucifixion of Jesus Jesus is led away to be crucified, and Simon of Cyrene is compelled to carry His cross. The crucifixion is a central theme, representing the atoning sacrifice of Jesus for the sins of humanity. The Greek term "σταυρόω" (stauroō) is used for "crucify," signifying the method of execution and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. 5. The Mocking and Insults As Jesus hangs on the cross, He is mocked by the rulers, soldiers, and one of the criminals crucified alongside Him. This theme highlights the humiliation and suffering Jesus endured, fulfilling the prophecy of the suffering servant in Isaiah 53. The Greek word "ἐμπαίζω" (empaizō) is used for "mock," indicating derision and scorn. 6. The Repentant Criminal One of the criminals acknowledges Jesus' innocence and asks to be remembered in His kingdom. Jesus promises him, "Truly I tell you, today you will be with Me in Paradise" (Luke 23:43). This theme emphasizes the grace and mercy of Jesus, offering salvation even in the final moments of life. The Greek term "παράδεισος" (paradeisos) is used for "Paradise," referring to a place of blessedness. 7. The Death of Jesus Darkness falls over the land, and Jesus breathes His last after committing His spirit into the Father's hands. The tearing of the temple veil signifies the new access to God through Jesus' sacrifice. This theme underscores the completion of Jesus' earthly mission and the establishment of a new covenant. The Greek word "ἐκπνέω" (ekpneō) is used for "breathed His last," indicating the moment of death. 8. The Burial of Jesus Joseph of Arimathea, a member of the council, requests Jesus' body and lays it in a tomb. This theme highlights the fulfillment of prophecy regarding Jesus' burial and the role of faithful followers in His final earthly moments. The Greek term "ἐνταφιάζω" (entaphiazō) is used for "bury," signifying the act of preparing the body for burial. Prayer Points Thanksgiving for Salvation Thank God for the sacrifice of Jesus and the salvation it brings. Strength to Forgive Ask for the strength to forgive others as Christ forgave those who crucified Him. Courage to Stand for Truth Pray for the courage to stand firm in truth, even when faced with opposition. Hope and Assurance Seek assurance in the hope we have through Christ's death and resurrection, and the access we have to God. As we reflect on Luke 23, may we be moved by the depth of Christ's love and the power of His sacrifice, leading us to live lives that honor Him. Answering Tough Questions 1. In Luke 23:44–45, how could the sun’s light fail for three hours without any corroborating historical or astronomical records? 2. Why does Luke 23:45 record the temple curtain tearing from top to bottom if no Jewish historian mentions such a monumental event? 3. In Luke 23:43, how could Jesus promise immediate paradise to the thief when other texts suggest differing timelines for the afterlife? 4. If Luke 23:4 portrays Pilate declaring Jesus innocent, why do secular Roman records not reflect Pilate handling such a controversial trial? 5. In Luke 23:46, does Jesus’s final statement contradict other Gospel accounts that offer different versions of his last words? Bible Study Discussion Questions 1. How does Jesus' trial before Pilate challenge your understanding of justice? 2. What does the choice between Jesus and Barabbas reveal about human nature and societal values? 3. How do you perceive the role of Simon of Cyrene in Jesus' journey to Golgotha? 4. In the scene at Golgotha, what insights can you gain about suffering and sacrifice? 5. How does Jesus' interaction with the two criminals inform your understanding of mercy and salvation? 6. What is your response to Jesus' prayer for His persecutors? 7. How does Jesus' death impact your perception of His mission and identity? 8. How can the account of Jesus' burial deepen your appreciation of the Easter story? 9. How does the centurion's declaration after Jesus' death inspire your faith? 10. In what ways can you relate to the different responses of the two criminals towards Jesus? 11. How do Jesus' final words inform your understanding of His relationship with God the Father? 12. What lessons can you draw from Pilate's and Herod's handling of Jesus' trial for your life? 13. How does Jesus' assurance of salvation to the repentant criminal affect your understanding of grace? 14. How can we embody Jesus' compassion and forgiveness in our daily interactions? 15. In what ways does the burial account affirm Jesus' humanity? 16. How can Jesus' willingness to face suffering and death motivate you in times of hardship? 17. How does the crowd's choice of Barabbas over Jesus influence your understanding of societal pressures and groupthink? 18. How can we apply the lessons from Jesus' trial and crucifixion to modern issues of justice and truth? 19. How should Jesus' prayer for His persecutors influence our attitude towards those who wrong us? 20. What steps can we take to entrust ourselves fully to God, as Jesus did at His death? Bible Hub Chapter Summaries and Bible Study Questions