◄ Esther 10 ►
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Berean Standard Bible | Par ▾
Tribute to Xerxes and Mordecai 1Now King Xerxes imposed tribute throughout the land, even to its farthest shores. 2And all of Mordecai’s powerful and magnificent accomplishments, together with the full account of the greatness to which the king had raised him, are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Media and Persia? 3For Mordecai the Jew was second only to King Xerxes, preeminent among the Jews and highly favored by his many kinsmen, seeking the good of his people and speaking peace to all his countrymen. Berean Standard Bible (BSB) printed 2016, 2020, 2022, 2025 by Bible Hub and Berean.Bible. Produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, unfoldingWord, Bible Aquifer, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee. This text of God's Word has been dedicated to the public domain. Free downloads and unlimited usage available. See also the Berean Literal Bible and Berean Interlinear Bible. Bible Hub Esther 10 Summary Tribute to Xerxes and Mordecai Verse 1 – Tribute Imposed across the Empire Ahasuerus (Xerxes) extends royal taxes “even to the farthest shores,” showing that the king’s authority reaches every corner of his vast realm and that post-war revenues are now being gathered. Verse 2 – Mordecai Recorded in the Royal Annals The writer points to the king’s official chronicles for a fuller record of Mordecai’s “powerful and mighty achievements,” underscoring that Persia itself acknowledged the greatness of a Jewish leader. Verse 3 – A Legacy of Peace and Welfare Mordecai, now “second in rank,” uses his position to “seek the good of his people and speak peace” to all, closing the book on a note of security and blessing for the Jews. Esther chapter 10, although brief, is a concluding chapter that highlights the authority and influence of Mordecai, the cousin of Queen Esther. In this chapter, Mordecai, once an ordinary Jew, is elevated to a position of great honor and respect in King Xerxes' empire. Historical Setting • Xerxes’ reign (486–465 BC) follows massive military campaigns against Greece. After costly wars, imperial governors commonly assessed new taxes to refill royal treasuries. • Esther 10 stands roughly ten years after Esther’s own elevation (Esther 2:16). Time has passed, but the memory of Purim (Esther 9) and the king’s regard for Mordecai remain fresh. The Scope of Persian Tribute “Even to the farthest shores” (v. 1) hints at coastal regions from North Africa to India. A trilingual inscription at Persepolis lists similar provinces, matching the biblical claim of an empire that spanned continents (Esther 1:1). Other texts—Ezr 4:20, Nehemiah 9:37—confirm heavy taxation under Persian rule. Royal Records and Chronicles Verse 2 refers to “the Book of the Chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia.” In Babylonian archives, tablets catalog court events; clay docket numbers from Susa name both administrators and tax receipts, verifying the practice of keeping meticulous records. Compare Esther 2:23 and 6:1, where the same annals preserve Mordecai’s earlier deed. Mordecai’s Rise: Parallels with Joseph and Daniel • Joseph: Genesis 41:40 records Pharaoh placing Joseph “over my house.” Both men interpret crises (Joseph, famine; Mordecai, Haman’s plot) and receive signet-ring authority (Genesis 41:42; Esther 8:2). • Daniel: Daniel 6:3 shows Daniel preferred above governors, paralleling Mordecai’s promotion and integrity in a foreign court. These parallels encourage faith that God can elevate His people anywhere. Leadership Lessons from Mordecai 1. Uses influence for the community, not self (v. 3). 2. Seeks peace—Hebrew term shalom, implying wholeness. 3. Remains identifiable as “the Jew,” never hiding his heritage (cf. Esther 3:4). 4. Works within pagan structures without moral compromise—echoing Jeremiah 29:7, “seek the welfare of the city.” Archaeological Insights • The royal palace at Susa, excavated by de Morgan and later French teams, revealed a 118-column audience hall. Reliefs show officials lined up in order of rank, matching the book’s setting of strict protocol (Esther 4:11). • Persian administrative tablets frequently list a “second” official titled hazânu or vizier. This lends credibility to Mordecai’s office. The Jewish Community in Exile Though many Jews had returned under Zerubbabel (Ezra 1–2), a substantial population remained. Esther 10’s closing reassurance mirrors Ezra 6:22, where God “turned the heart” of a Persian king toward the Jews. Both passages celebrate divine protection outside the land. The Silent Hand of God God’s name never appears in Esther, yet His providence is unmistakable: • Timing (Esther 6:1 – a sleepless night). • Reversals (Esther 9:1 – “the tables were turned”). • Outcomes (Esther 10:3 – peace). Psalm 121:4 promises that the Guardian of Israel “will neither slumber nor sleep,” a truth reflected in these coincidences. Foreshadowing of Christ Mordecai’s mediation anticipates a greater Advocate: • Elevated to the right hand (Philippians 2:9–11). • Interceding for His people (Hebrews 7:25). • Bringing peace (Isaiah 9:6; Ephesians 2:14). While imperfect, Mordecai’s pattern points forward to Jesus’ perfect leadership. Old–New Testament Connections • Romans 13:6–7 echoes the legitimacy of paying taxes for orderly governance, linking back to Xerxes’ tribute in v. 1. • 1 Peter 2:11–12 urges exiles to live honorably; Mordecai models this by gaining respect from Persian and Jewish audiences alike. • Revelation 20:12 references heavenly “books” of deeds, echoing human chronicles yet reminding readers of divine records that never fade. Timeless Principles • God can turn even tax edicts (v. 1) and political paperwork (v. 2) into platforms for His people’s welfare. • Faithful service—no matter how hidden—can ripple through an entire empire. • Peace and welfare are legitimate goals for believers in secular workplaces (v. 3). • History ends well for God’s covenant people; the final paragraph of Esther previews the ultimate safety promised in Zechariah 2:5. Key Hebrew Words • Mas – “tribute” (v. 1); also used in 1 Kings 4:6. • Shalom – “peace” (v. 3); denotes wholeness, safety, prosperity. • Tob – “good” (v. 3); same word in Micah 6:8 for what the Lord requires. Comparison with Joseph in Egypt Similarities • Foreign court promotion. • Use of a signet. • Preservation of the covenant people. Differences • Joseph’s deliverance centers on famine, Mordecai’s on genocide. • Joseph operates under God-fearing Pharaoh; Mordecai under a pagan king shifting loyalties. Practical Application • Serve diligently where God has placed you; influence grows through faithfulness (Luke 16:10). • Advocate for the vulnerable; Mordecai’s concern for his “many brothers” (v. 3) mirrors Proverbs 31:8–9. • Remember that God writes His own account even when society’s chronicles take center stage. Closing Reflection Esther opens with royal feasts and uncertain futures; it closes with taxation, public records, and a man advocating peace. Everyday affairs—budgets, paperwork, civic leadership—become stages for God’s quiet but unstoppable care. Connections to Additional Scriptures Romans 8:28 And we know that God works all things together for the good of those who love Him, who are called according to His purpose. This verse echoes the theme of God's sovereignty and His ability to work through our circumstances for His glory. Proverbs 3:5-6 Trust in the LORD with all your heart, and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge Him, and He will make your paths straight. Mordecai's life exemplifies this trust and reliance on God. 1 Peter 5:6 Humble yourselves, therefore, under God’s mighty hand, so that in due time He may exalt you. Mordecai's humility and patience are rewarded in God's perfect timing. Teaching Points The Greatness of Mordecai Esther 10:2-3 emphasizes Mordecai's rise to prominence: And all the acts of his authority and strength, together with a full account of the greatness of Mordecai, whom the king had promoted, are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Media and Persia? Mordecai's influence was not just political but also spiritual, as he sought the welfare of his people. God's Sovereignty The chapter underscores God's hand in elevating Mordecai to a position of power, demonstrating that God can use anyone, regardless of their background, to fulfill His purposes. Legacy of Faithfulness Mordecai's account is a reminder that faithfulness to God and His people can leave a lasting legacy. His actions were recorded for future generations, highlighting the importance of living a life that honors God. Practical Applications Seek the Welfare of Others Like Mordecai, we are called to seek the welfare of those around us, advocating for justice and righteousness in our communities. Trust in God's Timing Mordecai's rise to power was not immediate. We must trust in God's timing and remain faithful, even when we do not see immediate results. Leave a Godly Legacy Consider how your actions today can impact future generations. Strive to live a life that reflects God's love and truth. People 1. King Ahasuerus (Xerxes) He is the Persian king who reigned over a vast empire. In Esther 10:1, it is mentioned that he imposed tribute throughout the land and to the distant shores. The Hebrew name for Ahasuerus is אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ (Achashverosh). 2. Mordecai the Jew He is highlighted in Esther 10:2-3 as being second in rank to King Ahasuerus and held in high esteem by his fellow Jews. Mordecai is described as a man who sought the welfare of his people and spoke peace to all his countrymen. The Hebrew name for Mordecai is מָרְדֳּכַי (Mordekhai). Places Esther 10 in the Berean Standard Bible is a brief chapter that does not specifically mention any places by name. Instead, it focuses on the greatness of King Xerxes (Ahasuerus) and the prominence of Mordecai. Since there are no specific geographical locations mentioned in Esther 10, a numbered list of places cannot be provided for this chapter. However, for context, the Book of Esther primarily takes place in the Persian Empire, particularly in the city of Susa (Shushan), which is mentioned in earlier chapters. If you are interested in places mentioned throughout the Book of Esther, Susa would be a key location to consider. Events 1. King Ahasuerus's Tribute The chapter begins by noting that King Ahasuerus imposed tribute on the land and on the islands of the sea. This indicates the extent of his reign and the administrative actions he took to consolidate his power. 2. Mordecai's Greatness The text highlights the greatness of Mordecai, who was second in rank to King Ahasuerus. His prominence and influence are emphasized, showing his rise from a position of vulnerability to one of significant authority. 3. Record of Deeds The chapter mentions that the acts of King Ahasuerus, along with the full account of Mordecai's power and might, are recorded in the chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia. This suggests the historical importance and recognition of their deeds. 4. Mordecai's Favor with the Jews Mordecai is described as being highly regarded by the Jews and as one who sought the welfare of his people and spoke peace to all his countrymen. This underscores his role as a leader who was committed to the well-being and prosperity of the Jewish community. Lessons from Esther 10 1. The Power of Influence Esther 10 reminds us of the profound impact one person can have when they are in a position of influence. Mordecai, who rose to prominence, used his position for the good of his people. This is a reminder that wherever God places us, we can be a force for good. As it is written, "Mordecai the Jew was second only to King Xerxes, preeminent among the Jews, and held in high esteem by his many fellow Jews" (Esther 10:3). Use your influence wisely and for the glory of God. 2. The Importance of Faithfulness Mordecai's story is a testament to the importance of faithfulness. He remained steadfast in his duties and loyal to his people, which ultimately led to his elevation. "He worked for the good of his people and spoke up for the welfare of all the Jews" (Esther 10:3). Faithfulness in small things can lead to greater responsibilities and blessings. 3. God's Sovereignty in Leadership The chapter highlights God's sovereignty in placing leaders in positions of power. Mordecai's rise to power was not by chance but by divine appointment. This reminds us that God is in control, even in the political realm. Trust in His plan, knowing that "the king’s heart is a stream of water in the hand of the LORD; He turns it wherever He will" (Proverbs 21:1). 4. The Legacy of Righteousness Mordecai's legacy was one of righteousness and justice. His actions left a lasting impact on his people and are recorded for generations to learn from. "He worked for the good of his people" (Esther 10:3). Consider the legacy you are building and strive to leave one that honors God and benefits others. 5. The Role of Humility in Leadership Despite his high position, Mordecai remained humble and focused on serving others. True leadership is marked by humility and a servant's heart. Jesus taught, "Whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant" (Matthew 20:26). Embrace humility as you lead and serve. 6. The Impact of Courageous Advocacy Mordecai's advocacy for his people was courageous and unwavering. He stood up for what was right, even when it was risky. This courage is a powerful example for us to follow. "He spoke up for the welfare of all the Jews" (Esther 10:3). Be bold in advocating for justice and truth. 7. The Blessing of Community Support Mordecai's success was not achieved in isolation; he had the support of his community. This underscores the importance of surrounding ourselves with a supportive and godly community. "He was held in high esteem by his many fellow Jews" (Esther 10:3). Seek out and nurture relationships that encourage and uplift you. 8. The Significance of Written Records The chapter concludes with a mention of the chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia, highlighting the importance of documenting significant events. This serves as a reminder to record and remember God's faithfulness in our lives. "Are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia?" (Esther 10:2). Keep a journal of God's work in your life to encourage yourself and others. 9. The Reward of Integrity Mordecai's integrity was rewarded with honor and respect. Living a life of integrity aligns us with God's will and brings blessings. "He worked for the good of his people" (Esther 10:3). Strive to live with integrity in all areas of your life, trusting that God sees and rewards your faithfulness. 10. The Assurance of God's Providence Finally, Esther 10 reassures us of God's providence. Even when His name is not mentioned, His hand is at work behind the scenes. Mordecai's story is a testament to God's ability to orchestrate events for His purposes. Trust in His providence, knowing that "in all things God works for the good of those who love Him" (Romans 8:28). Rest in the assurance that God is always at work, even when we cannot see it. Topics 1. The Greatness of King Ahasuerus Esther 10:1-2 highlights the power and authority of King Ahasuerus, who imposed tribute throughout his empire. The text emphasizes his extensive reign and the grandeur of his accomplishments. The Hebrew root for "tribute" (מַס, mas) indicates a form of taxation or forced labor, reflecting the king's control over his subjects. 2. Mordecai's Prominence Verse 3 focuses on Mordecai's rise to power, stating, "For Mordecai the Jew was second only to King Ahasuerus, preeminent among the Jews, and held in high esteem by his many fellow Jews, because he worked for the good of his people and spoke up for the welfare of all the Jews." The Hebrew word for "preeminent" (גָּדוֹל, gadol) signifies greatness or importance, underscoring Mordecai's significant role in the Persian Empire and his dedication to the Jewish people. 3. The Record of Events The chapter mentions that the acts of King Ahasuerus and the full account of Mordecai's greatness are recorded in the chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia. This reflects the historical practice of documenting royal achievements and the importance of written records in preserving history. Themes 1. Divine Providence and Sovereignty Esther 10:1-2 highlights the greatness of King Xerxes and the acts of Mordecai, suggesting the overarching theme of God's providence. The chapter underscores how God orchestrates events for the fulfillment of His purposes, even through secular authorities. The Hebrew root for "greatness" (גְּדוּלָּה, gedullah) emphasizes the magnitude of God's influence in elevating Mordecai. 2. The Exaltation of the Righteous Verse 3 describes Mordecai's rise to prominence: "For Mordecai the Jew was second only to King Xerxes, preeminent among the Jews, and held in high esteem by his many fellow Jews." This theme reflects the biblical principle that God honors those who are faithful and righteous. The Hebrew word for "preeminent" (גָּדוֹל, gadol) signifies the honor and respect bestowed upon Mordecai. 3. The Importance of Record-Keeping and Remembrance The chapter begins with a reference to the chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia, emphasizing the importance of documenting significant events. This theme relates to the biblical concept of remembrance, where God's acts and the deeds of His people are recorded for future generations. The Hebrew term for "chronicles" (דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים, divrei hayamim) underscores the significance of historical records. 4. Peace and Welfare of the People Esther 10:3 concludes with Mordecai's concern for the welfare of his people: "He sought the good of his people and spoke peace to all his countrymen." This theme highlights the biblical value of seeking peace and the well-being of others, reflecting the Hebrew concept of "shalom" (שָׁלוֹם), which encompasses peace, completeness, and welfare. Prayer Points Thanksgiving for God's Sovereignty Praise God for His control over all circumstances and His ability to use us for His purposes. Prayer for Faithfulness Ask God to help us remain faithful in our daily lives, trusting in His timing and plan. Intercession for Leaders Pray for our leaders, that they may seek the welfare of the people and govern with wisdom and integrity, much like Mordecai. Desire to Leave a Legacy Pray for the strength and wisdom to live a life that leaves a lasting, godly legacy for future generations. As we reflect on Esther 10, may we be inspired by Mordecai's example to live courageously and faithfully, trusting in God's sovereign plan for our lives. Answering Tough Questions 1. Esther 10:1 – Is there any historical or archaeological record confirming King Ahasuerus’s tribute on lands and coastlands? 2. Esther 10:2 – Why aren’t the “book of the chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia” referenced by other sources if it so prominently features Mordecai? 3. Esther 10:3 – Is there any external evidence or Persian documentation supporting Mordecai’s high position in the empire? 4. Esther 10 (entire) – Why does this chapter provide so few historical details compared to other biblical accounts of Persian rulers? 5. Esther 10 (entire) – How can the brief mention of King Ahasuerus’s acts reconcile with other Old Testament texts depicting Persian rule differently? Bible Study Discussion Questions 1. How does Mordecai's rise to power in King Xerxes' kingdom inspire you in your personal or professional life? 2. How does Esther 10 reflect the theme of God's providence at work, even though God is not explicitly mentioned? 3. What qualities do you think Mordecai possessed that made him a good leader? 4. Why do you think the author of Esther felt it was important to mention the tribute imposed by King Xerxes? 5. How does the prosperity of the Jews under Mordecai's rule reflect God's blessings? 6. In what ways can you show fidelity to your own community, following Mordecai's example? 7. How can you apply the principles of wisdom and influence seen in Mordecai's life to your own context? 8. How does the story of Mordecai encourage us to stand up for justice, even in the face of great challenges? 9. Why is it important to remember and record acts of great leadership, as was done for Mordecai's deeds? 10. Can you think of a modern-day equivalent to Mordecai's leadership? What makes their leadership similar or different? 11. How can you leverage your own influence to benefit others, in line with Mordecai's actions? 12. How does Esther 10 contribute to the overall story arc of the Book of Esther? 13. What are the implications of Mordecai being a Jew in such a high position of a foreign empire? 14. How does this final chapter bring closure to the story of Esther and Mordecai? 15. In what ways can you encourage prosperity and peace within your own sphere of influence? 16. What can modern societies learn from King Xerxes' decision to place a capable and wise man like Mordecai in a position of power? 17. What does Esther 10 teach about the importance of having competent and caring leaders? 18. How does Mordecai's story inspire us to pursue leadership roles in our communities? 19. Why do you think Mordecai's actions won the favor of his fellow Jews? 20. How can you use your skills and position to better the lives of people around you, as Mordecai did for the Jews in Persia? Bible Hub Chapter Summaries and Bible Study Questions