◄ Esther 3 ►
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Haman’s Plot against the Jews 1After these events, King Xerxes honored Haman son of Hammedatha, the Agagite, elevating him to a position above all the princes who were with him. 2All the royal servants at the king’s gate bowed down and paid homage to Haman, because the king had commanded that this be done for him. But Mordecai would not bow down or pay homage. 3Then the royal servants at the king’s gate asked Mordecai, “Why do you disobey the command of the king?” 4Day after day they warned him, but he would not comply. So they reported it to Haman to see whether Mordecai’s behavior would be tolerated, since he had told them he was a Jew. 5When Haman saw that Mordecai would not bow down or pay him homage, he was filled with rage. 6And when he learned the identity of Mordecai’s people, he scorned the notion ofa laying hands on Mordecai alone. Instead, he sought to destroy all of Mordecai’s people, the Jews, throughout the kingdom of Xerxes. 7In the twelfth year of King Xerxes, in the first month, the month of Nisan,b the Pur (that is, the lot) was cast before Haman to determine a day and month. And the lot fell on the twelfth month, the month of Adar.c 8Then Haman informed King Xerxes, “There is a certain people scattered and dispersed among the peoples of every province of your kingdom. Their laws are different from everyone else’s, and they do not obey the king’s laws. So it is not in the king’s best interest to tolerate them. 9If it pleases the king, let a decree be issued to destroy them, and I will deposit ten thousand talents of silverd into the royal treasury to pay those who carry it out.” 10So the king removed the signet ring from his finger and gave it to Haman son of Hammedatha, the Agagite, the enemy of the Jews. 11“Keep your money,” said the king to Haman. “These people are given to you to do with them as you please.” 12On the thirteenth day of the first month, the royal scribes were summoned and the order was written exactly as Haman commanded the royal satraps, the governors of each province, and the officials of each people, in the script of each province and the language of every people. It was written in the name of King Xerxes and sealed with the royal signet ring. 13And the letters were sent by couriers to each of the royal provinces with the order to destroy, kill, and annihilate all the Jews—young and old, women and children—and to plunder their possessions on a single day, the thirteenth day of Adar, the twelfth month. 14A copy of the text of the edict was to be issued in every province and published to all the people, so that they would be ready on that day. 15The couriers left, spurred on by the king’s command, and the edict was issued in the citadel of Susa. Then the king and Haman sat down to drink, but the city of Susa was in confusion. Footnotes: 6 a Hebrew he disdained in his eyes 7 b Nisan is the first month of the Hebrew lunar calendar, usually occurring within the months of March and April. 7 c LXX was cast before Haman—a day and month—and the lot fell on the fourteenth of the month of Adar; Hebrew was cast before Haman a day and month—the twelfth, Adar; the month of Adar (also in verse 13) is the twelfth month of the Hebrew lunar calendar, usually occurring within the months of February and March. 9 d 10,000 talents is approximately 377 tons or 342 metric tons of silver. Berean Standard Bible (BSB) printed 2016, 2020, 2022, 2025 by Bible Hub and Berean.Bible. Produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, unfoldingWord, Bible Aquifer, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee. This text of God's Word has been dedicated to the public domain. Free downloads and unlimited usage available. See also the Berean Literal Bible and Berean Interlinear Bible. Bible Hub Esther 3 Summary Haman's Plot against the Jews Verses 1 – Haman’s Promotion King Ahasuerus elevates Haman son of Hammedatha the Agagite to the highest office under the crown, commanding that all royal servants bow before him. Verses 2–4 – Mordecai’s Stand All the king’s servants comply, but Mordecai refuses to bow. When questioned, he explains that he is a Jew, and his defiance continues despite repeated pressure. Verses 5–6 – Haman’s Rage and Plot Haman, furious at Mordecai’s refusal, learns of Mordecai’s people and determines to destroy every Jew in the entire Persian Empire, not just Mordecai. Verse 7 – Casting the Pur In the twelfth year of Ahasuerus, Haman casts the Pur (lot) before his gods, choosing the thirteenth day of the twelfth month (Adar) as the date for annihilation. Verses 8–11 – The Decree Secured Haman presents a distorted report of the Jews to the king, offers ten thousand talents of silver for the royal treasury, and receives the king’s signet ring and authority to proceed. Verses 12–15 – Letters of Death Royal scribes draft the edict on the thirteenth day of the first month, sealing it with the king’s ring and sending copies to all 127 provinces. The capital city of Susa is thrown into confusion while king and vizier sit to drink. Esther Chapter 3 is a pivotal chapter in the account of Esther, describing the rise to power of Haman, the king's right-hand man, and his cruel plot against the Jewish people. This chapter brings into sharp focus the dramatic contrast between Mordecai's unbending faith and Haman's ruthless ambition, setting the stage for the impending crisis that will test the strength and courage of God's chosen people. Historical Setting • The events occur roughly 474 BC, during the reign of Xerxes I (Ahasuerus). • Persia’s vast domain stretched from India to Cush (Esther 1:1). Communication across 127 provinces required an organized courier system, confirmed by archaeological findings at Persepolis tablets. • Royal decrees sealed with the king’s signet were irrevocable (Esther 8:8), explaining the gravity of handing the ring to Haman. Haman the Agagite • “Agagite” links Haman to Agag, king of Amalek (1 Samuel 15:8). Mordecai is a Benjaminite (Esther 2:5), descended from King Saul who failed to destroy Amalek. The ancient conflict between Israel and Amalek (Exodus 17:14–16; Deuteronomy 25:17–19) resurfaces in Susa. • Scripture shows the Amalekite spirit as persistently opposed to God’s people, highlighting the spiritual backdrop of Haman’s hatred. Mordecai’s Refusal and Jewish Identity • Bowing to Haman might have implied reverence bordering on worship, conflicting with God’s command: “You shall have no other gods before Me” (Exodus 20:3). • Daniel’s friends refused similar homage to an image (Daniel 3). Peter later declares, “We must obey God rather than men” (Acts 5:29). • Mordecai’s stand exposes the unseen contest between loyalty to God and pressures of a dominant culture. Casting the Pur • The Pur was a small stone or clay lot; Persian inscriptions mention randomizing decisions this way. • Proverbs 16:33 says, “The lot is cast into the lap, but its every decision is from the LORD.” God’s hidden hand overrides pagan superstitions, placing the chosen date nearly a year away—time for deliverance to unfold. The King’s Credulity and the Sealed Decree • Haman accuses Jews of keeping “their own laws” and “not observing the king’s laws” (Esther 3:8). Similar accusations surface in Ezra 4:12–16 and Acts 17:6–7, revealing a pattern of slander against God’s people. • Ten thousand talents equaled about 330 tons of silver—roughly two-thirds of Persia’s annual revenue—an enormous bribe. Yet Ahasuerus appears indifferent: “Keep the money,” he says (Esther 3:11), illustrating royal carelessness with human life. • The king’s ring typifies unchecked authority delegated to wicked hands. In Genesis 41:42, Pharaoh’s ring elevates Joseph to bless; here, the ring empowers destruction. Archaeological Insights • Ahasuerus’s lavish banquets (Esther 1) match Herodotus’ accounts of Xerxes’ extravagance. • Persian bullae (clay seal impressions) confirm the practice of sealing documents, echoing the irreversible decree theme. • Cuneiform tablets record extensive use of couriers on horse relay, exactly as in Esther 3:13: “couriers went out, hurried by royal command.” Providence Behind the Scenes • God’s name is absent in Esther, yet every detail hints at His oversight. Romans 8:28 affirms, “In all things God works for the good of those who love Him.” • The timing—decree written on the eve of Passover (first month, 13th day)—contrasts the imminent celebration of Israel’s ancient deliverance with a new threat of destruction. The parallel invites readers to anticipate another rescue. • Isaiah 54:17 promises, “No weapon formed against you shall prosper,” foreshadowing Haman’s ultimate downfall. Practical Takeaways • One person’s faithful stand can influence an entire nation. • Cultural pressure may demand compromise; loyalty to God sometimes requires polite but firm resistance. • Evil often cloaks itself in partial truths and political language. Discernment is vital. • God’s providence moves silently yet decisively on behalf of His people; delays in judgment often serve larger deliverance. Links to Later Scripture • Esther’s impending intercession (chapters 4–7) mirrors Christ’s mediation (Hebrews 7:25). • Haman’s gallows parallel the snares set by adversaries that ensnare themselves (Psalm 7:14–16; Proverbs 26:27). • The Jews’ survival becomes an echo of the promise to Abraham: “I will bless those who bless you… and all peoples on earth will be blessed through you” (Genesis 12:3). Connections to Additional Scriptures Daniel 3 The account of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, who also refused to bow to an idol, demonstrating faithfulness to God. Romans 8:28 And we know that God works all things together for the good of those who love Him, who are called according to His purpose. Proverbs 16:33 The lot is cast into the lap, but its every decision is from the LORD, highlighting God's sovereignty over chance. Teaching Points Haman's Rise to Power Esther 3:1-2 introduces Haman, who is elevated by King Xerxes above all other officials. This sets the stage for his influence and the unfolding conflict. After these events, King Xerxes honored Haman son of Hammedatha the Agagite, elevating him and giving him a seat of honor higher than that of all the other nobles. Mordecai's Refusal to Bow Mordecai's refusal to bow to Haman (Esther 3:2) is a pivotal act of defiance rooted in his Jewish faith and identity. But Mordecai would not kneel or pay him honor. Haman's Wrath and Plot Haman's anger at Mordecai's refusal leads to a genocidal plot against all Jews in the kingdom (Esther 3:5-6). When Haman saw that Mordecai would not kneel or pay him honor, he was enraged. Casting Lots (Purim) Haman casts lots to determine the date for the annihilation of the Jews, highlighting the role of chance and divine providence (Esther 3:7). In the twelfth year of King Xerxes, in the first month, the month of Nisan, the Pur (that is, the lot) was cast in the presence of Haman to select a day and month. The King's Decree Haman manipulates King Xerxes into issuing a decree to destroy the Jews, showing the danger of unchecked power and influence (Esther 3:8-11). Then Haman said to King Xerxes, 'There is a certain people dispersed and scattered among the peoples in all the provinces of your kingdom whose customs are different from those of all other people and who do not obey the king’s laws; it is not in the king’s best interest to tolerate them.' Practical Applications Stand Firm in Faith Like Mordecai, we are called to stand firm in our beliefs, even when it is unpopular or dangerous. Recognize the Power of Influence Be aware of how influence can be used for good or evil, and strive to use your influence to honor God. Trust in God's Providence Even when circumstances seem dire, trust that God is at work behind the scenes, orchestrating His plan. Pray for Wisdom and Courage Seek God's guidance and strength to make righteous decisions in challenging situations. People 1. King Ahasuerus The Persian king who reigned over 127 provinces from India to Cush. In Esther 3, he is the monarch who elevates Haman to a high position and later issues a decree to destroy the Jews. The name "Ahasuerus" is derived from the Hebrew "אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ" (Achashverosh), which corresponds to the Greek "Ξέρξης" (Xerxes). 2. Haman The son of Hammedatha, the Agagite, who is promoted by King Ahasuerus above all the other officials. Haman becomes the antagonist in the story, plotting to annihilate the Jewish people. The term "Agagite" suggests a lineage from Agag, a king of the Amalekites, which is significant in the Hebrew context as the Amalekites were long-standing enemies of Israel. 3. Mordecai A Jew from the tribe of Benjamin who sits at the king's gate. He refuses to bow to Haman, which incites Haman's wrath and leads to the plot against the Jews. Mordecai's name in Hebrew is "מָרְדֳּכַי" (Mordokhai), possibly related to the Babylonian god Marduk, indicating the cultural influences during the Jewish exile. 4. The Jews While not a single person, the Jewish people are collectively targeted by Haman's plot. They are described as a distinct group with their own laws, scattered throughout the provinces of the kingdom. Places 1. Susa (Shushan) the Citadel This is the primary setting for the events in Esther 3. Susa, also known as Shushan, was one of the ancient capitals of the Persian Empire. It served as the royal city where King Xerxes (Ahasuerus) held his court. The term "citadel" refers to the fortified part of the city, indicating its importance and security. In Hebrew, Susa is "שׁוּשַׁן" (Shushan), which highlights its historical and cultural significance as a center of power. Events 1. Promotion of Haman King Ahasuerus promotes Haman, the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, elevating him above all the other officials. This promotion sets the stage for the conflict that follows. The term "Agagite" may relate back to Agag, the king of the Amalekites, traditional enemies of Israel (Esther 3:1). 2. Command to Honor Haman The king commands all the royal officials at the king’s gate to bow down and pay homage to Haman. This command is significant as it establishes Haman's authority and the expectation of reverence from others (Esther 3:2). 3. Mordecai’s Refusal Mordecai, a Jew, refuses to bow down or pay homage to Haman. This act of defiance is rooted in Mordecai's Jewish faith and possibly the historical enmity between the Jews and the Amalekites (Esther 3:2). 4. Haman’s Anger Haman becomes enraged when he learns that Mordecai does not bow down to him. His anger is not just personal but extends to all Jews, reflecting a deep-seated animosity (Esther 3:5). 5. Haman’s Plot Against the Jews Instead of targeting Mordecai alone, Haman seeks to destroy all the Jews throughout the kingdom of Ahasuerus. This plot is a significant escalation and introduces the central conflict of the narrative (Esther 3:6). 6. Casting of Pur (Lot) Haman casts the pur, or lot, to determine the best day to execute his plan against the Jews. The casting of lots, or "pur," is significant as it later becomes the basis for the Jewish festival of Purim (Esther 3:7). 7. Haman’s Proposal to the King Haman approaches King Ahasuerus with his plan, presenting the Jews as a threat to the kingdom. He offers to pay ten thousand talents of silver to the king’s treasury to fund the destruction of the Jews (Esther 3:8-9). 8. King’s Approval King Ahasuerus gives Haman his signet ring, granting him the authority to carry out the plan. The king’s approval without investigation highlights the absolute power Haman wields (Esther 3:10-11). 9. Decree Issued Haman drafts a decree to annihilate all Jews, young and old, women and children, on a single day. The decree is sent out to all provinces, creating a sense of impending doom for the Jewish people (Esther 3:12-13). 10. Confusion in Susa As the decree is issued, the city of Susa is thrown into confusion. This reaction underscores the gravity and shock of the edict among the populace (Esther 3:15). Lessons from Esther 3 1. The Subtlety of Evil Plans In Esther 3, we see Haman's plot against the Jews unfold with cunning and deceit. Evil often works in subtle ways, creeping into our lives when we least expect it. As believers, we must remain vigilant, discerning the spirits and testing everything against the truth of Scripture. "Be sober-minded and alert. Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour" (1 Peter 5:8). 2. The Power of Position Haman's rise to power reminds us of the influence that comes with position. While he used his authority for evil, we are called to use our positions to serve others and glorify God. Remember, "For those who exalt themselves will be humbled, and those who humble themselves will be exalted" (Matthew 23:12). 3. The Importance of Identity Mordecai's refusal to bow to Haman highlights the importance of knowing who we are in God. Our identity in Christ should guide our actions and decisions, even when faced with pressure to conform. "Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind" (Romans 12:2). 4. The Consequences of Pride Haman's pride led to his downfall, a reminder that pride goes before destruction. We must guard our hearts against arrogance and seek humility in all things. "Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall" (Proverbs 16:18). 5. The Role of Providence Even when God is not mentioned explicitly, His hand is evident in the unfolding events. Esther 3 shows us that God is always at work behind the scenes, orchestrating His divine plan. "And we know that God works all things together for the good of those who love Him" (Romans 8:28). 6. The Courage to Stand Alone Mordecai stood firm in his faith, even when it meant standing alone. This courage is a testament to the strength we find in God when we choose to stand for righteousness. "Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid; do not be discouraged, for the LORD your God will be with you wherever you go" (Joshua 1:9). 7. The Impact of One Person One person's actions can have a ripple effect, as seen in Mordecai's defiance and Esther's eventual intervention. Never underestimate the impact you can have when you act in faith. "For we are God’s workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works" (Ephesians 2:10). 8. The Reality of Spiritual Warfare The conflict in Esther 3 is a reflection of the spiritual battles we face. We must equip ourselves with the armor of God to stand firm against the schemes of the enemy. "Put on the full armor of God, so that you can make your stand against the devil’s schemes" (Ephesians 6:11). 9. The Call to Intercede Mordecai's plea to Esther to intervene for her people is a powerful reminder of our call to intercede for others. Prayer is a mighty weapon in the hands of believers. "The prayer of a righteous man has great power to prevail" (James 5:16). 10. The Assurance of God's Justice Though Haman's plot seemed successful at first, God's justice ultimately prevailed. We can trust that God will bring justice in His perfect timing. "For the LORD loves justice and will not forsake His saints" (Psalm 37:28). These lessons from Esther 3 remind us of the timeless truths found in Scripture, encouraging us to live boldly and faithfully in our walk with God. Topics 1. Haman's Promotion and Authority In Esther 3:1, Haman is promoted by King Xerxes, elevating him above all other officials. The Hebrew term used for "promoted" (גָּדַל, gadal) indicates a significant elevation in status and authority, setting the stage for his influence over the kingdom. 2. Mordecai's Refusal to Bow Verses 2-4 describe Mordecai's refusal to bow to Haman, despite the king's command. The Hebrew word for "bow" (כָּרַע, kara) implies an act of deep reverence or worship, which Mordecai, as a Jew, reserves for God alone. 3. Haman's Wrath and Plot Against the Jews In verses 5-6, Haman's anger at Mordecai's defiance leads him to plot the destruction of all Jews in the kingdom. The Hebrew word for "wrath" (חֵמָה, chemah) conveys intense fury, highlighting Haman's extreme reaction. 4. Casting of the Pur (Lot) Verse 7 details the casting of the "Pur" (פּוּר, pur), or lot, to determine the date for the annihilation of the Jews. This practice reflects the belief in fate and divine intervention, as the lot falls on a date nearly a year away, allowing time for the unfolding of God's plan. 5. Haman's Deceptive Proposal to the King In verses 8-9, Haman presents a deceitful proposal to King Xerxes, claiming that the Jews' laws are different and that they do not obey the king's laws. The Hebrew word for "different" (שׁוֹנֶה, shoneh) emphasizes the distinctiveness of Jewish customs, which Haman uses to justify his genocidal plan. 6. The King's Approval and Edict Verses 10-11 describe the king's approval of Haman's plan, as he gives Haman his signet ring to seal the edict. The Hebrew term for "signet ring" (טַבַּעַת, tabba'at) signifies the king's authority and the irrevocable nature of the decree. 7. Dispatch of the Edict In verses 12-15, the edict is written and dispatched to all provinces, ordering the destruction of the Jews. The Hebrew word for "dispatch" (שָׁלַח, shalach) indicates the swift and widespread dissemination of the decree, underscoring the urgency and seriousness of the threat. Themes 1. Pride and Power In Esther 3, Haman's rise to power is marked by his pride and desire for recognition. The text states, "After these events, King Xerxes honored Haman son of Hammedatha the Agagite, elevating him and giving him a seat of honor higher than that of all the other nobles" (Esther 3:1). The Hebrew root for "honored" (כָּבוֹד, kavod) implies a weightiness or glory, highlighting the significance of Haman's elevated status and his subsequent pride. 2. Obedience and Defiance Mordecai's refusal to bow to Haman is a central theme, illustrating the tension between obedience to earthly authority and adherence to personal or religious convictions. The scripture notes, "But Mordecai would not kneel down or pay him honor" (Esther 3:2). The Hebrew word for "kneel" (כָּרַע, kara) suggests a physical act of submission, which Mordecai defies, indicating his allegiance to a higher moral or religious law. 3. Hatred and Revenge Haman's reaction to Mordecai's defiance reveals a deep-seated hatred and desire for revenge, not just against Mordecai but against all Jews. The text states, "When Haman saw that Mordecai would not kneel down or pay him honor, he was enraged" (Esther 3:5). The Hebrew root for "enraged" (חָרָה, charah) conveys a burning anger, which fuels Haman's plot against the Jewish people. 4. Prejudice and Persecution The theme of ethnic prejudice is evident as Haman seeks to destroy all Jews based on Mordecai's actions. Haman tells the king, "There is a certain people dispersed and scattered among the peoples in all the provinces of your kingdom whose customs are different from those of all other people" (Esther 3:8). The Hebrew word for "scattered" (פָּרַד, parad) emphasizes the Jews' separation and distinctiveness, which Haman uses to justify their persecution. 5. Manipulation and Deception Haman's manipulation of King Xerxes to issue a decree against the Jews highlights the theme of deception. Haman offers a distorted portrayal of the Jewish people to gain the king's approval, saying, "If it pleases the king, let a decree be issued to destroy them" (Esther 3:9). The Hebrew root for "decree" (כָּתַב, kathab) indicates a written command, underscoring the permanence and seriousness of Haman's deceitful proposal. 6. Providence and Sovereignty Although not explicitly mentioned in this chapter, the underlying theme of divine providence is present as the events set the stage for God's deliverance of His people. The unfolding narrative suggests a sovereign orchestration beyond human control, aligning with the broader biblical theme of God's providential care for His covenant people. Prayer Points Pray for the courage to stand firm in your faith like Mordecai. Ask God to reveal areas where you can use your influence for His glory. Seek God's protection and providence in difficult circumstances. Pray for wisdom to discern and resist ungodly influences in your life. Answering Tough Questions 1. Esther 3:1 – How credible is it that Haman held such high authority when no historical documents outside the Bible mention him? 2. Esther 3:2–3 – Are there any extra-biblical records confirming that an edict required all palace officials to bow to one man? 3. Esther 3:7 – Does the account of deciding genocide by casting lots match known Persian customs, and is there evidence to support it? 4. Esther 3:8–9 – Would a Persian king realistically consider exterminating a widespread people group solely at one official’s request, and is there historical proof? 5. Esther 3:10–15 – Why is there no mention in Persian archives or other sources of this monumental royal decree to annihilate an entire ethnic group? Bible Study Discussion Questions 1. How does Haman's promotion and subsequent actions reflect on the theme of power and corruption? 2. Why does Mordecai refuse to bow to Haman? How does this reflect his faith and personal beliefs? 3. How did Haman use his influence over King Ahasuerus to pursue his plot against the Jews? 4. How does the conflict between Haman and Mordecai foreshadow the fate of the Jewish people? 5. What are the potential consequences of the king's decree for the Jews? 6. In what ways might you face situations where your faith or personal beliefs come into conflict with societal norms or authority? 7. How can we respond to prejudice and discrimination in our own contexts, as demonstrated by Mordecai's example? 8. What lessons can we draw from Haman's actions regarding the dangers of pride and vengeance? 9. How does Esther 3 challenge our understanding of God's providence? 10. If you were in Mordecai's position, would you have acted differently? Why or why not? 11. Can you identify instances in today's world where a group of people is targeted based on their race or religion, like the Jews in Esther 3? 12. How would you handle a situation where you felt pressured to compromise your values for the sake of societal acceptance? 13. How can we trust in God’s sovereignty when facing adversity, as the Jews did in this chapter? 14. How does this chapter reflect on the larger theme of God’s protection for His people? 15. What qualities or actions do you think are required to stand up against injustice, as Mordecai did? 16. How does King Ahasuerus's decision reflect the potential dangers of uninformed or rash decision-making? 17. What does Haman’s response to Mordecai’s refusal tell us about his character? 18. How can we apply the lessons from this chapter to ensure we don't misuse our power and influence? 19. What are some strategies to handle conflict when your beliefs are in the minority, as was the case for Mordecai? 20. How might you apply Mordecai’s courage and conviction in your own life when facing difficult decisions or circumstances? Bible Hub Chapter Summaries and Bible Study Questions