◄ Exodus 31 ►
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Berean Standard Bible | Par ▾
Bezalel and Oholiab (Exodus 35:30–35) 1Then the LORD said to Moses, 2“See, I have called by name Bezalel son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah. 3And I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with skill, ability, and knowledge in all kinds of craftsmanship, 4to design artistic works in gold, silver, and bronze, 5to cut gemstones for settings, and to carve wood, so that he may be a master of every craft. 6Moreover, I have selected Oholiab son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, as his assistant. I have also given skill to all the craftsmen, that they may fashion all that I have commanded you: 7the Tent of Meeting, the ark of the Testimonya and the mercy seat upon it, and all the other furnishings of the tent— 8the table with its utensils, the pure gold lampstand with all its utensils, the altar of incense, 9the altar of burnt offering with all its utensils, and the basin with its stand— 10as well as the woven garments, both the holy garments for Aaron the priest and the garments for his sons to serve as priests, 11in addition to the anointing oil and fragrant incense for the Holy Place. They are to make them according to all that I have commanded you.” The Sign of the Sabbath (Numbers 15:32–36) 12And the LORD said to Moses, 13“Tell the Israelites, ‘Surely you must keep My Sabbaths, for this will be a sign between Me and you for the generations to come, so that you may know that I am the LORD who sanctifies you. 14Keep the Sabbath, for it is holy to you. Anyone who profanes it must surely be put to death. Whoever does any work on that day must be cut off from among his people. 15For six days work may be done, but the seventh day is a Sabbath of complete rest, holy to the LORD. Whoever does any work on the Sabbath day must surely be put to death. 16The Israelites must keep the Sabbath, celebrating it as a permanent covenant for the generations to come. 17It is a sign between Me and the Israelites forever; for in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, but on the seventh day He rested and was refreshed.’” Moses Receives the Tablets 18When the LORD had finished speaking with Moses on Mount Sinai, He gave him the two tablets of the Testimony, tablets of stone inscribed by the finger of God. Footnotes: 7 a That is, the ark of the covenant Berean Standard Bible (BSB) printed 2016, 2020, 2022, 2025 by Bible Hub and Berean.Bible. Produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, unfoldingWord, Bible Aquifer, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee. This text of God's Word has been dedicated to the public domain. Free downloads and unlimited usage available. See also the Berean Literal Bible and Berean Interlinear Bible. Bible Hub Exodus 31 Summary Moses Receives the Tablets Verses 1–6 – Bezalel: Spirit-Filled Craftsman God singles out Bezalel of Judah, fills him with “the Spirit of God, with wisdom, understanding, and ability in all kinds of craftsmanship” (31:3). His Spirit-empowered skill covers metalwork, gem cutting, and wood-carving, making him the chief artisan for the Tabernacle. Verses 6–11 – Oholiab and the Skilled Team Oholiab of Dan is appointed as Bezalel’s assistant, and every other craftsman receives divine skill so that the entire suite of holy objects—the Tent of Meeting, its furnishings, priestly garments, anointing oil, and incense—can be produced exactly as commanded. Verses 12–17 – The Sabbath Sign Forever The Lord declares the Sabbath a perpetual sign between Himself and Israel. Breaking it brings the severest penalty because the day marks God’s own pattern of creation and rest and shows that He alone “sanctifies” His people. Verse 18 – Tablets Written by God When the instructions finish, God hands Moses “the two tablets of the Testimony…written by the finger of God” (31:18), underscoring the divine origin of every command just delivered. This chapter recounts the divine appointment of Bezalel and Oholiab, filled with the Spirit of God, to craft the sacred objects for the Tent of Meeting. The importance of observing the Sabbath as a holy day is strongly emphasized, signifying the covenant between the Lord and the Israelites. It concludes with Moses receiving the two tablets of the Testimony on Mount Sinai. Historical Setting Exodus 31 sits in the middle of detailed Tabernacle blueprints (chapters 25–31). Israel is still at Sinai; the golden calf disaster (chapter 32) has not yet erupted. The nation that once molded bricks in Egypt is now called to mold gold, silver, and fine cloth for God’s dwelling. Bezalel: Filled with the Spirit for Skill • First biblical mention of someone “filled…with the Spirit of God” (31:3) focuses on artistry, not preaching or ruling. • Echoes Genesis 1:2—God’s Spirit hovered over raw creation; now the Spirit equips Bezalel to shape raw materials into a miniature Eden. • Isaiah later links creative ability and wisdom (Isaiah 28:24–29). The same pattern shows up in Solomon’s temple craftsmen (1 Kings 7:13-14). Oholiab and the Team • Oholiab’s tribe of Dan was not prominent, yet he shares center stage. God spreads gifts broadly (Romans 12:6–8; 1 Corinthians 12). • “I have also given skill to all the craftsmen” (31:6) guards against celebrity culture. Ministry is collaborative. • Work assignments list sacred furniture first, then garments, oil, and incense (31:7-11). The order keeps God’s presence central and human service supportive. The Pattern and the Work 1. Furniture (ark, table, lampstand, altars) = meeting points between God and people. 2. Priestly garments = mediators clothed for duty (compare Hebrews 7:26). 3. Anointing oil = separation for service; points ahead to the “Anointed One,” Messiah. 4. Incense = prayer (Psalm 141:2; Revelation 5:8). The Sabbath: Sign of Covenant • “So that you may know that I am the LORD who sanctifies you” (31:13)—identity grounded in God, not labor quotas (contrast Exodus 5:7-9). • Death penalty (31:14-15) shows the Sabbath is not optional décor; it guards Israel’s heart. • “Permanent covenant…for the generations to come” (31:16) anticipates later prophets (Ezekiel 20:12, 20). • “In six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth” (31:17) anchors rest in creation, linking Exodus to Genesis. Sabbath in the Broader Story • Before Sinai: manna test (Exodus 16:22-30). • After Sinai: gathering sticks on Sabbath judged (Numbers 15:32-36). • Jesus heals on Sabbath yet affirms its goodness (Mark 2:27-28). • Hebrews 4:9 speaks of a “Sabbath rest” that remains—pointing to ultimate rest in Christ. Tablets of Stone and Divine Writing • “Finger of God” (31:18) reappears when Jesus casts out demons (Luke 11:20) and when the Babylonian king sees the handwriting on the wall (Daniel 5:5). • Stone signals permanence; later, Jeremiah 31:33 promises the law written on hearts. • Two tablets likely held the entire covenant twice—one copy for each party, both kept in the ark (compare ancient treaty practice). Archaeology and Craftsmanship • Egyptian goldsmith tools match the techniques implied (fine casting, stone inlays). Hebrew laborers would have learned these in bondage. • Semitic names like Bezalel (“in the shadow of God”) and Oholiab (“father’s tent”) appear on tablet archives from that era, grounding the narrative in real culture. • Incense recipes similar to Exodus 30:34-35 have been found in tomb inscriptions, confirming long-standing fragrance trade routes. Spirit-Empowered Service • God empowers people for practical tasks—metalwork, weaving, logistics—not only for speaking roles. • New Testament echoes: Dorcas’s sewing ministry (Acts 9:39), Lydia’s fabric business aiding church planting (Acts 16:14-15). • Colossians 3:23 applies the lesson: “Whatever you do, work at it with your whole heart.” From Sinai to Today • Skill is a gift to steward; excellence can be worship. • Rest is a gift to guard; rhythms protect relationship. • God’s Word is a gift to keep; tablets turned into Scripture, Scripture points to Christ. The chapter shows a holy building project, a holy rhythm of rest, and a holy written covenant—all initiated, supplied, and sealed by God Himself. Connections to Additional Scriptures 1 Corinthians 12:4-11 Discusses the variety of spiritual gifts given by the Holy Spirit for the common good. Colossians 3:23-24 Encourages believers to work heartily as for the Lord, not for men. Genesis 2:2-3 The origin of the Sabbath, where God rested on the seventh day after creation. Teaching Points Divine Selection and Empowerment See, I have chosen Bezalel son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah. And I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with wisdom, understanding, and ability in all kinds of craftsmanship (Exodus 31:2-3). God specifically chooses and equips individuals for His work. The Role of the Holy Spirit The Spirit of God is the source of wisdom, understanding, and skill. This empowerment is not just for spiritual tasks but also for practical, artistic work. Collaboration in God’s Work Oholiab is appointed to assist Bezalel, showing the importance of teamwork and collaboration in fulfilling God’s plans (Exodus 31:6). The Importance of Obedience God provides detailed instructions for the construction of the Tabernacle, emphasizing the importance of following His commands precisely (Exodus 31:7-11). The Sabbath as a Sign The chapter concludes with a reminder of the Sabbath, a covenant sign between God and Israel, underscoring the importance of rest and worship (Exodus 31:13-17). Practical Applications Recognize and Use Your God-Given Talents Identify the skills and talents God has given you and seek ways to use them for His glory. Seek the Holy Spirit’s Guidance Pray for the Holy Spirit to fill you with wisdom and understanding in your daily tasks and responsibilities. Value Teamwork Embrace collaboration with others in your community and church, recognizing that God often works through collective efforts. Prioritize Obedience Strive to follow God’s instructions in your life, understanding that His ways are perfect and lead to fulfillment. Honor the Sabbath Set aside time for rest and worship, acknowledging the importance of the Sabbath as a time to reconnect with God. People 1. Bezalel Bezalel is described as the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah. He is chosen by God and filled with the Spirit of God, with wisdom, understanding, and knowledge in all kinds of craftsmanship. His name in Hebrew, בְּצַלְאֵל (Betsal'el), means "in the shadow of God," indicating his divine inspiration and protection in his work. 2. Oholiab Oholiab is the son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan. He is appointed as an assistant to Bezalel. His name in Hebrew, אָהֳלִיאָב ('Oholi'av), means "father's tent," which may symbolize his role in constructing the Tabernacle, the dwelling place of God among His people. 3. Moses While not directly mentioned in the specific verses of Exodus 31, Moses is the recipient of God's instructions regarding Bezalel and Oholiab. He is the leader of the Israelites and the mediator between God and His people. Moses' name in Hebrew, מֹשֶׁה (Mosheh), is traditionally understood to mean "drawn out," reflecting his rescue from the Nile River as a baby. Places Exodus 31 in the Berean Standard Bible does not specifically mention any geographical places. Instead, it focuses on instructions given by God to Moses regarding the construction of the Tabernacle, the appointment of Bezalel and Oholiab as craftsmen, and the observance of the Sabbath. Since there are no specific places mentioned in this chapter, a numbered list of places cannot be provided. If you have any other questions or need further information on a different topic, feel free to ask! Events 1. Appointment of Bezalel and Oholiab God speaks to Moses, appointing Bezalel, son of Uri, from the tribe of Judah, and Oholiab, son of Ahisamach, from the tribe of Dan, to lead the construction of the Tabernacle and its furnishings. The Lord says, "See, I have called by name Bezalel son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah" (Exodus 31:2). The Hebrew root for "called" (קָרָא, qara) signifies a divine selection or appointment. 2. Filling with the Spirit of God God fills Bezalel with the Spirit of God, granting him wisdom, understanding, and knowledge in all kinds of craftsmanship. The scripture states, "And I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with wisdom, understanding, and ability in all kinds of craftsmanship" (Exodus 31:3). The Hebrew word for "wisdom" (חָכְמָה, chokmah) indicates skill and expertise. 3. Craftsmanship and Artistic Design Bezalel is endowed with skills for artistic design, working with gold, silver, and bronze, as well as cutting stones and carving wood. The passage notes, "to design artistic works in gold, silver, and bronze, to cut gemstones for settings, and to carve wood, so that he may be a master of every craft" (Exodus 31:4-5). 4. Assistance of Oholiab Oholiab is appointed to assist Bezalel, and other skilled craftsmen are also given wisdom to carry out the work. The text mentions, "Moreover, I have appointed Oholiab son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, to assist him" (Exodus 31:6). 5. Instructions for the Sabbath God reiterates the importance of observing the Sabbath as a sign between Him and the Israelites. He commands, "You must observe My Sabbaths, for it is a sign between Me and you for the generations to come, so that you may know that I am the LORD who sanctifies you" (Exodus 31:13). The Hebrew root for "sanctifies" (קָדַשׁ, qadash) means to set apart as holy. 6. Sabbath as a Perpetual Covenant The Sabbath is established as a perpetual covenant, emphasizing its significance and the consequence of death for those who desecrate it. The scripture states, "It is a sign forever between Me and the Israelites; for in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, but on the seventh day He rested and was refreshed" (Exodus 31:17). 7. Giving of the Tablets of the Testimony God gives Moses the two tablets of the Testimony, inscribed by the finger of God. The passage concludes, "When the LORD had finished speaking with Moses on Mount Sinai, He gave him the two tablets of the Testimony, stone tablets inscribed by the finger of God" (Exodus 31:18). The Hebrew word for "inscribed" (כָּתַב, kathab) indicates writing or engraving. Lessons from Exodus 31 1. The Gift of Skill and Wisdom In Exodus 31, we see that God specifically chose Bezalel and Oholiab, filling them with the Spirit of God, wisdom, understanding, and knowledge to craft the Tabernacle. This reminds us that our talents and skills are gifts from God, meant to be used for His glory. As it says, "I have filled him with the Spirit of God, with wisdom, understanding, and ability in all kinds of craftsmanship" (Exodus 31:3). Whether you're an artist, a teacher, or a parent, your abilities are divinely appointed for a purpose. 2. The Importance of Teamwork God didn't just appoint Bezalel; He also appointed Oholiab and other skilled workers to assist him. This highlights the importance of collaboration and community in achieving God's work. "Moreover, I have appointed Oholiab son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, to work with him" (Exodus 31:6). We are not meant to walk alone; God places us in communities to support and uplift one another. 3. Divine Purpose in Work The work on the Tabernacle was not just construction; it was a holy task. This teaches us that our work, when done for the Lord, is sacred. "They are to make everything I have commanded you" (Exodus 31:11). Whether you're building a house or writing a report, when you dedicate your work to God, it becomes a form of worship. 4. The Sabbath as a Sign God emphasizes the Sabbath as a sign between Him and the Israelites, a day of rest and holiness. "You must observe My Sabbaths, for it is a sign between Me and you for the generations to come" (Exodus 31:13). In our busy lives, taking time to rest and focus on God is crucial for spiritual and physical renewal. 5. Obedience to God's Commands The chapter underscores the importance of following God's instructions precisely. The detailed commands for the Tabernacle construction remind us that obedience to God’s Word is essential. "See that you make them according to the pattern shown you on the mountain" (Exodus 31:11). Our lives should reflect a commitment to living according to His will. 6. The Role of the Holy Spirit The Spirit of God empowered Bezalel with the skills needed for his task. This illustrates the role of the Holy Spirit in our lives, equipping us for the work God has called us to do. "I have filled him with the Spirit of God" (Exodus 31:3). Seek the Spirit’s guidance in your daily endeavors for strength and wisdom. 7. The Value of Rest God's command to observe the Sabbath is a reminder of the value of rest. "For six days work may be done, but the seventh day is a Sabbath of complete rest" (Exodus 31:15). In a world that glorifies busyness, taking time to rest and recharge is not just beneficial; it’s a divine command. 8. The Covenant Relationship The Sabbath is a sign of the covenant between God and His people. This covenant relationship is central to our faith, reminding us of God's promises and our commitment to Him. "It is a sign forever between Me and the Israelites" (Exodus 31:17). Our relationship with God is a sacred bond that guides our lives. 9. The Seriousness of God's Commands The penalty for not observing the Sabbath was severe, highlighting the seriousness of God's commands. "Whoever does any work on the Sabbath day must surely be put to death" (Exodus 31:15). This serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of taking God’s Word seriously in our lives. 10. The Written Word of God Finally, God gave Moses the tablets of stone, inscribed by His own finger. This emphasizes the importance and authority of Scripture in our lives. "When He had finished speaking with him on Mount Sinai, He gave Moses the two tablets of the Testimony" (Exodus 31:18). The Bible is our guide, inspired by God, and it holds the ultimate authority in our lives. Topics 1. Bezalel and Oholiab Called for the Tabernacle Work In Exodus 31, God appoints Bezalel and Oholiab to lead the construction of the Tabernacle. Bezalel is filled with the Spirit of God, granting him wisdom, understanding, and skill in craftsmanship (Exodus 31:2-5). The Hebrew word for "filled" (מָלֵא, male') indicates a complete and divine endowment of abilities necessary for the sacred work. 2. The Gift of Skilled Artisans God also provides other skilled artisans to assist in the work, emphasizing the importance of community and collaboration in fulfilling divine tasks (Exodus 31:6). The Hebrew term for "skill" (חָכְמָה, chokmah) underscores the wisdom and expertise required for the intricate work of the Tabernacle. 3. Instructions for the Tabernacle and Its Furnishings The chapter reiterates the specific instructions for constructing the Tabernacle and its furnishings, highlighting the importance of obedience to God's detailed plans (Exodus 31:7-11). This reflects the Hebrew concept of "pattern" (תַּבְנִית, tabnith), which signifies a divinely ordained blueprint. 4. The Sabbath as a Sign God commands the observance of the Sabbath as a perpetual covenant and a sign between Him and the Israelites (Exodus 31:12-17). The Hebrew word for "sign" (אוֹת, 'oth) indicates a visible and enduring symbol of the relationship between God and His people. 5. The Giving of the Two Tablets of Testimony The chapter concludes with God giving Moses the two tablets of the Testimony, inscribed by the finger of God (Exodus 31:18). The Hebrew term for "Testimony" (עֵדוּת, 'eduth) refers to the covenantal laws that serve as a witness to the divine-human relationship. Themes 1. Divine Appointment and Empowerment for Craftsmanship In Exodus 31:1-6, God appoints Bezalel and Oholiab, filling them with the Spirit of God to carry out the work of crafting the Tabernacle. This theme highlights the divine origin of skills and talents, emphasizing that God equips individuals for specific purposes. The Hebrew word for "filled" (מָלֵא, male) indicates a complete endowment of wisdom, understanding, and knowledge. 2. The Importance of Sabbath Observance Verses 12-17 stress the significance of the Sabbath as a covenant sign between God and Israel. The Sabbath is described as a day of rest, holy to the Lord, and a perpetual covenant. The Hebrew term for "rest" (שָׁבַת, shavat) underscores cessation from work, reflecting God's rest after creation. 3. Covenant Relationship Between God and Israel The Sabbath is presented as a sign of the covenant, reinforcing the special relationship between God and His people. This theme is rooted in the Hebrew concept of "covenant" (בְּרִית, berit), which signifies a binding agreement and mutual commitment. 4. Holiness and Consecration The chapter emphasizes the holiness of the Sabbath and the consecration of the craftsmen. The Hebrew word for "holy" (קָדוֹשׁ, kadosh) conveys the idea of being set apart for a sacred purpose, reflecting God's own holiness. 5. Obedience to Divine Commands The instructions given to Moses, including the observance of the Sabbath and the construction of the Tabernacle, underscore the importance of obedience to God's commands. The Hebrew root for "command" (צָוָה, tzavah) implies a directive that requires faithful adherence. 6. The Role of the Law in Community Identity The giving of the tablets of the Testimony, inscribed by the finger of God (verse 18), highlights the centrality of the Law in shaping the identity and practices of the Israelite community. The Hebrew term for "Testimony" (עֵדוּת, edut) suggests a witness or evidence of God's covenant and expectations. Prayer Points Pray for recognition and appreciation of the unique gifts God has given you. Ask for the Holy Spirit’s wisdom and guidance in using your talents effectively. Pray for unity and effective collaboration within your church and community. Seek God’s help in maintaining obedience to His Word and commands. Thank God for the gift of rest and the opportunity to worship Him, especially on the Sabbath. Answering Tough Questions 1. Exodus 31:2 – Where is the historical or archeological evidence that confirms the existence of Bezalel or supports this specific claim of divine empowerment? 2. Exodus 31:3 – How could a supernatural infusion of craftsmanship and skill be scientifically or historically validated? 3. Exodus 31:15 – Why does a just and loving God mandate the death penalty for Sabbath-breaking, and how is that reconciled with later biblical teachings on mercy? 4. Exodus 31:16–17 – If the Sabbath was meant as a permanent covenant sign “forever,” why do so many believers worship on Sunday instead? 5. Exodus 31:18 – Does the description of God literally writing the tablets “with His finger” conflict with the idea of a non-physical deity, and how can this be explained logically? Bible Study Discussion Questions 1. What does the selection of Bezalel and Oholiab illustrate about divine empowerment and calling? 2. How does the divine infusion of "skill, ability, and knowledge" reflect in the work we do every day? 3. Why do you think the Lord commanded such detailed construction of the Tent of Meeting and its furnishings? 4. How can we apply the principle of the Sabbath as a holy day in our modern, busy lives? 5. In what ways can we honor and uphold the sanctity of the Sabbath in our own practices? 6. What does the Sabbath being a "sign of the covenant" signify about our relationship with God? 7. How can we balance the need for work and rest, as outlined in the commandment to observe the Sabbath? 8. Why is the violation of the Sabbath seen as such a grave offense in this passage? 9. What role does the Sabbath play in our understanding of God as our Creator? 10. What is the significance of the two tablets of the Testimony being inscribed by the finger of God? 11. How does the crafting of the sacred objects resonate with our creation by God? 12. How does the notion of 'sanctity' influence our relationship with God and others? 13. How do the concepts of obedience and covenant presented in this passage apply to your life today? 14. What lessons on the intersection of craftsmanship and spirituality can we learn from this passage? 15. How do you perceive the link between creative expression and divine empowerment in this context? 16. How can the commandments on observing the Sabbath influence our understanding of spiritual rest? 17. What can we learn about respect and reverence for God's law from the serious penalties for breaking the Sabbath? 18. In what ways can the divine appointment of Bezalel and Oholiab inspire us in our own vocational paths? 19. How does the giving of the tablets of the Testimony symbolize God's communication and covenant with His people? 20. How might we apply the detailed artistry and skill in the creation of the sacred objects to the crafting of our own lives as 'works of art' dedicated to God? Bible Hub Chapter Summaries and Bible Study Questions