◄ Nahum 1 ►
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The Burden against Nineveh (Jonah 1:1–3) 1This is the burden against Nineveh, the book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite: 2The LORD is a jealous and avenging God; the LORD is avenging and full of wrath. The LORD takes vengeance on His foes and reserves wrath for His enemies. 3The LORD is slow to anger and great in power; the LORD will by no means leave the guilty unpunished. His path is in the whirlwind and storm, and clouds are the dust beneath His feet. 4He rebukes the sea and dries it up; He makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither, and the flower of Lebanon wilts. 5The mountains quake before Him, and the hills melt away; the earth trembles at His presence— the world and all its dwellers. 6Who can withstand His indignation? Who can endure His burning anger? His wrath is poured out like fire; even rocks are shattered before Him. 7The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of distress; He cares for those who trust in Him. 8But with an overwhelming flood He will make an end of Nineveha and pursue His enemies into darkness. 9Whatever you plot against the LORD, He will bring to an end. Affliction will not rise up a second time. 10For they will be entangled as with thorns and consumed like the drink of a drunkard— like stubble that is fully dry. 11From you, O Nineveh, comes forth a plotter of evil against the LORD, a counselor of wickedness. 12This is what the LORD says: “Though they are allied and numerous, yet they will be cut down and pass away. Though I have afflicted you, O Judah, I will afflict you no longer. 13For I will now break their yoke from your neck and tear away your shackles.” 14The LORD has issued a command concerning you, O Nineveh: “There will be no descendants to carry on your name. I will cut off the carved image and cast idol from the house of your gods; I will prepare your grave, for you are contemptible.” 15Look to the mountains— the feet of one who brings good news, who proclaims peace! Celebrate your feasts, O Judah; fulfill your vows. For the wicked will never again march through you; they will be utterly cut off. Footnotes: 8 a Literally of her place Berean Standard Bible (BSB) printed 2016, 2020, 2022, 2025 by Bible Hub and Berean.Bible. Produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, unfoldingWord, Bible Aquifer, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee. This text of God's Word has been dedicated to the public domain. Free downloads and unlimited usage available. See also the Berean Literal Bible and Berean Interlinear Bible. Bible Hub Nahum 1 Summary The Burden against Nineveh Verse 1 – Opening: The Burden against Nineveh Nahum introduces his writing as an oracle—literally a “burden”—directed at Nineveh, springing from a vision given to him, an otherwise little-known prophet from Elkosh. Verses 2–3 – The LORD’s Jealous and Avenging Nature God’s zeal for His own honor and His people’s safety fuels His vengeance. His patience is long, yet He will certainly punish the guilty; His wrath is never a reckless outburst but a measured, holy response. Verses 4–6 – Cosmic Power on Display The same Creator who commands seas, rivers, mountains, and clouds can unmake them at will. Bashan, Carmel, and Lebanon—once lush symbols of abundance—wither when He speaks. No one can stand before such fiery indignation. Verse 7 – Refuge for the Trusting Amid judgment, the LORD remains “good, a stronghold in the day of distress,” personally knowing—caring for—those who seek shelter in Him. Verses 8–11 – Overwhelming Doom for Nineveh An “overwhelming flood” pictures the sudden, unstoppable downfall that will chase Assyria’s armies into the dark. Conspiracies against God only tangle their plotters like thornbushes ready for the fire. Verses 12–13 – Relief and Freedom for Judah Though Judah has suffered under Assyrian cruelty, God promises the yoke will be smashed. Their enemy’s numbers cannot save them; liberation is coming. Verses 14–15 – Final Sentence and Good News The Assyrian king’s dynasty will end, idols will topple, and a grave is prepared. Meanwhile Judah is called to celebrate—“the feet of one who brings good news and proclaims peace”—for the invader will never march in again. Nahum 1 is a powerful passage of the Bible that reveals God's dual nature of wrath and mercy. Through a prophetic vision given to Nahum, God communicates His judgment against the city of Nineveh, demonstrating His power, justice, and sovereignty. While a prevailing sense of doom hovers over Nineveh, God's protective love for His people shines brightly, reinforcing His divine character that balances judgment with mercy. Historical Setting: Assyria at Its Peak, Yet Near Collapse • Nahum likely prophesied between 663 BC (fall of Thebes, referenced in 3:8) and 612 BC (fall of Nineveh). • Assyria had dominated the Near East with ruthless campaigns, extracting tribute from Judah (2 Kings 18:13-16). • Under Ashurbanipal, Assyria seemed invincible; soon after his death internal strife, Babylonian rebellion, and Median pressure weakened the empire. Nahum’s vision lands in this tension—Assyria’s outward might versus God’s pronouncement of its end. Nahum in the Line of Earlier Prophets • Jonah had preached mercy to Nineveh a century earlier (Jonah 3). The city repented then but later relapsed into violence. Nahum delivers the “final notice.” • Isaiah and Micah foretold Assyria’s downfall and Judah’s survival (Isaiah 10:5-19; Micah 5:5-6). Nahum echoes and confirms their words. Archaeological Echoes of the Prophecy • Excavations at Nineveh (modern-day Mosul, Iraq) uncovered massive walls, canals, and the royal library—evidence of wealth and sophistication. • Layers of ash and shattered bricks align with Babylonian and Median siege accounts in 612 BC, mirroring Nahum’s flood-imagery; clay tablets describe the Tigris overflowing and undermining city defenses. • Idol fragments, including limestone statues of Ishtar and Nisroch, illustrate 1:14: “I will destroy the carved images and cast idols.” God’s Character Woven through the Chapter 1. Jealous: Protects covenant love (Exodus 20:5). 2. Avenger: Rights wrongs (Deuteronomy 32:35). 3. Slow to Anger: Patient with sinners (Exodus 34:6). 4. Good: Shepherds the faithful (Psalm 34:8). 5. All-Powerful: Commands creation (Job 38-41). Key Comparisons and Cross-References • “Whirlwind and storm” (1:3) ↔ Job 38:1; Mark 4:37-41, where Jesus stills the storm, hinting at divine authority. • “Stronghold in the day of distress” (1:7) ↔ Psalm 46:1-3; Proverbs 18:10. • “Feet… who brings good news” (1:15) ↔ Isaiah 52:7; Romans 10:15, showing the gospel’s pattern—judgment for foes, peace for believers. • “Overwhelming flood” (1:8) ↔ Genesis 6-9 (Noah); Revelation 12:15-16 (symbolic flood against the woman), emphasizing God’s control over watery chaos. Simple Outline of Nahum 1 1. Heading (v. 1) 2. God’s righteous anger and power (vv. 2-6) 3. Comfort for those who trust Him (v. 7) 4. Certain ruin for Nineveh (vv. 8-11) 5. Promise of freedom for Judah (vv. 12-13) 6. Divine verdict on the Assyrian king (v. 14) 7. Announcement of good news (v. 15) Literary Notes • Vivid poetry: metaphors of storm, flood, wildfire. • Acrostic hints: Some scholars see the start of an alphabetic pattern in vv. 2-10, possibly symbolizing the completeness of judgment—though the pattern breaks, mirroring Nineveh’s impending break. • Direct speech: God’s own words in vv. 12-13, 14 heighten authority. Assyria’s Yoke versus God’s Stronghold Contrast Assyria’s iron grip (2 Kings 18:14) with God’s protective fort (Nahum 1:7). Earthly power enslaves; divine power rescues. Why Judgment? Three Charges against Nineveh (from chap. 1 but expanded in 3) 1. Violence and bloodshed (3:1). 2. Idolatry (1:14; 3:4). 3. Prideful plots against God (1:11; cf. 2 Kings 19:22-28, Sennacherib’s blasphemy). Hope Threaded through Wrath • Judah’s affliction has an expiration date (1:12-13). • God’s covenant promises stand (Leviticus 26:44-45). • The pattern: judgment on oppressors, deliverance for the faithful—a theme reaching its peak at the cross (Colossians 2:15) and final victory (Revelation 19). Practical Themes for Contemporary Believers 1. God’s Patience Isn’t Permission: Delay in judgment invites repentance, not complacency. 2. Evil Empires End: No system is too big to fall when it opposes God. 3. Personal Refuge: Trust turns judgment scenes into testimonies of protection. 4. Good News Must Be Announced: Freedom prompts proclamation—“Celebrate your feasts… fulfill your vows” (1:15). Key Word Study • Oracle (v. 1, Hebrew massa) – a weighty pronouncement, often of judgment. • Jealous (v. 2) – passionate, protective love, not petty envy. • Stronghold (v. 7) – a fortress, safe room; cf. Psalm 9:9. • Flood (v. 8) – literal water and figurative army-rush; used for overwhelming force. • Yoke (v. 13) – wooden bar of bondage; broken here symbolizing liberty (Jeremiah 30:8). Christ-Centered Connections • Jesus embodies “good news and peace” (v. 15; Luke 4:18-19). • At the cross, judgment against sin and rescue for believers meet, echoing Nahum’s twin themes of wrath and refuge. • Revelation pictures the fall of “Babylon” in language reminiscent of Nahum’s fall of Nineveh, showing God’s consistent pattern of overthrowing world powers aligned against Him. Geography and Travel Notes • Elkosh’s location is debated: northern Judah, Galilee, or even Assyria itself. Regardless, God can raise a prophet from anywhere to speak to international issues. • Nineveh sat on the east bank of the Tigris, with a circumference of nearly eight miles of inner walls and wider suburbs; yet a single divine decree reduced it to ruins. Concluding Thought Nahum 1 balances fiery judgment with tender protection. The same voice that topples kingdoms whispers safety to those who trust Him. The prophet’s message rings across centuries: God’s goodness is a shelter; His justice is a flood—choose your ground accordingly. Connections to Additional Scriptures God's Justice Psalm 9:7-8, But the LORD abides forever; He has established His throne for judgment. He judges the world with justice; He governs the people with equity. God's Patience 2 Peter 3:9, The Lord is not slow in keeping His promise, as some understand slowness. Instead, He is patient with you, not wanting anyone to perish, but everyone to come to repentance. God as a Refuge Psalm 46:1, God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in times of trouble. Teaching Points God's Jealousy and Vengeance Nahum 1:2 states, The LORD is a jealous and avenging God; the LORD is avenging and full of wrath. This verse highlights God's protective nature over His people and His intolerance for idolatry and injustice. God's Patience and Power Verse 3 declares, The LORD is slow to anger and great in power; the LORD will by no means leave the guilty unpunished. God's patience is immense, but His justice is inevitable. God's Sovereignty over Nature Verses 4-5 describe God's control over the natural world, emphasizing His omnipotence: He rebukes the sea and dries it up; He makes all the rivers run dry. God as a Refuge Verse 7 offers comfort, The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of distress; He cares for those who trust in Him. This assures believers of God's protection and care. The Certainty of Judgment Verse 8 warns, But with an overwhelming flood, He will make an end of Nineveh; He will pursue His foes into darkness. God's judgment is certain and thorough. Practical Applications Trust in God's Justice In a world where injustice often seems to prevail, we can find solace in knowing that God will ultimately right all wrongs. Seek Refuge in God In times of trouble, remember that God is a stronghold and cares deeply for those who trust in Him. Reflect on God's Patience Consider how God's patience has been evident in your life and how you can extend that patience to others. Acknowledge God's Sovereignty Recognize God's control over all creation and trust Him with the uncertainties in your life. People 1. The LORD (Yahweh) The central figure in Nahum 1, described with various attributes and actions. The LORD is depicted as a jealous and avenging God, who is slow to anger but great in power. He will not leave the guilty unpunished (Nahum 1:2-3). The Hebrew name used here is "Yahweh," emphasizing His covenant relationship with Israel. 2. The Wicked (Enemies of God) While not named individually, the wicked or enemies of God are implied throughout the chapter. They are those who oppose God and His people, and they are the recipients of His wrath and judgment (Nahum 1:8-9). The text speaks of God pursuing His foes into darkness. 3. Judah Although not directly named in Nahum 1, Judah is the implied audience of the prophecy, as the book of Nahum is directed towards the Southern Kingdom of Judah, offering them comfort and assurance of God's justice against their oppressors. The chapter primarily focuses on God's character and His impending judgment on Nineveh, with the emphasis on His power and justice. Places 1. Nineveh Nineveh is the capital of the Assyrian Empire, known for its great size and power. It is the primary focus of Nahum's prophecy, as God declares judgment against it for its wickedness. The Hebrew root for Nineveh is "נִינְוֵה" (Ninveh), which is consistently used throughout the Old Testament to refer to this significant city. 2. Bashan Bashan is a region known for its fertile land and strong bulls. In Nahum 1:4, it is mentioned as part of the imagery of God's power over nature, as He dries up the land. The Hebrew root "בָּשָׁן" (Bashan) refers to this area east of the Jordan River, often associated with abundance and strength. 3. Carmel Carmel is a mountain range in Israel, known for its lush vegetation. In Nahum 1:4, Carmel is also mentioned to illustrate God's control over the natural world, as He can cause it to wither. The Hebrew root "כַּרְמֶל" (Karmel) signifies a fruitful or garden-like place, highlighting the contrast between its usual state and the desolation God can bring. 4. Lebanon Lebanon is famous for its majestic cedars and is often symbolically used in the Bible to represent strength and beauty. In Nahum 1:4, Lebanon's withering is another demonstration of God's overwhelming power. The Hebrew root "לְבָנוֹן" (Levanon) refers to this mountainous region north of Israel, known for its forests. Events 1. The Oracle Against Nineveh Nahum 1:1 introduces the book as an "oracle concerning Nineveh," which is a "book of the vision of Nahum the Elkoshite." The term "oracle" (מַשָּׂא, ^massa^) often denotes a burden or a prophetic pronouncement, indicating the serious nature of the message. 2. God's Jealous and Avenging Nature Nahum 1:2 describes God as "jealous and avenging," emphasizing His protective zeal for His people and His readiness to execute justice. The Hebrew word for "jealous" (קַנּוֹא, ^qanno^) conveys a deep, protective passion. 3. God's Power Over Nature Nahum 1:3-5 illustrates God's power over nature, stating, "The LORD is slow to anger but great in power; the LORD will by no means leave the guilty unpunished." The imagery of storms, earthquakes, and the drying up of seas and rivers highlights His sovereign control. 4. The Lord's Wrath Against His Enemies Nahum 1:6-8 speaks of God's wrath, which is like "an overwhelming flood" that "will pursue His foes into darkness." The Hebrew word for "wrath" (חֵמָה, ^chema^) indicates intense anger, underscoring the severity of divine judgment. 5. The Goodness of the Lord to Those Who Trust Him Nahum 1:7 contrasts the previous verses by affirming, "The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of distress; He cares for those who trust in Him." This highlights God's protective and benevolent nature towards His faithful followers. 6. The End of Nineveh's Plotting Nahum 1:9-11 declares that whatever Nineveh plots against the Lord, "He will bring it to an end; trouble will not rise up a second time." The assurance of divine intervention against evil plans is emphasized here. 7. The Destruction of Nineveh Nahum 1:12-14 prophesies the destruction of Nineveh, stating, "Though they are at full strength and numerous, they will be cut down and pass away." The certainty of Nineveh's downfall is assured by God's decree. 8. The Proclamation of Peace Nahum 1:15 concludes with a message of peace for Judah: "Look, there on the mountains, the feet of one who brings good news, who proclaims peace!" This echoes the promise of deliverance and restoration for God's people. Lessons from Nahum 1 1. The Sovereignty of God In Nahum 1, we are reminded of the ultimate authority and power of God over all creation. "The LORD is slow to anger and great in power; the LORD will by no means leave the guilty unpunished" (Nahum 1:3). This verse reassures us that God is in control, and His justice will prevail. In our daily lives, we can find peace knowing that God’s plans are perfect and His timing is impeccable. 2. God’s Justice is Certain Nahum emphasizes that God’s justice is not only inevitable but also righteous. "The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of distress; He cares for those who trust in Him" (Nahum 1:7). This serves as a reminder that while the world may seem chaotic, God’s justice will ultimately be served. Trusting in His justice allows us to live with integrity and hope. 3. The Power of God’s Word The book of Nahum illustrates the power of God’s word to bring about change. "He rebukes the sea and dries it up; He makes all the rivers run dry" (Nahum 1:4). Just as God’s word can alter the natural world, it can transform our hearts and lives. Engaging with Scripture daily empowers us to live according to His will. 4. God’s Protection for His People Nahum assures us of God’s protection: "The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of distress" (Nahum 1:7). This promise is a source of comfort and strength, reminding us that God is our refuge. In times of trouble, we can rely on His unwavering protection and care. 5. The Importance of Repentance Nahum’s message to Nineveh underscores the importance of repentance. Although God is patient, He calls us to turn away from sin and seek His forgiveness. This lesson encourages us to examine our hearts regularly and align our lives with God’s standards. 6. God’s Patience Has Limits While God is patient, Nahum reminds us that His patience is not infinite. "The LORD is slow to anger and great in power" (Nahum 1:3). This serves as a warning to not take His grace for granted. We are called to live righteously and make the most of the time we have to serve Him. 7. The Certainty of God’s Promises Nahum highlights the certainty of God’s promises. "Whatever you plot against the LORD, He will bring to an end; trouble will not rise up a second time" (Nahum 1:9). This assurance encourages us to trust in God’s promises, knowing that He is faithful and true. 8. The Consequences of Sin The book of Nahum vividly portrays the consequences of sin and rebellion against God. It serves as a sobering reminder that sin leads to destruction. This lesson motivates us to pursue holiness and avoid the pitfalls of sin. 9. God’s Unchanging Nature Nahum reveals God’s unchanging nature: "The LORD is good" (Nahum 1:7). In a world that is constantly changing, we can find stability and assurance in God’s consistent character. His goodness and faithfulness remain the same yesterday, today, and forever. 10. The Hope of Salvation Finally, Nahum points us to the hope of salvation through God’s deliverance. "Look, there on the mountains, the feet of one who brings good news, who proclaims peace!" (Nahum 1:15). This foreshadows the ultimate salvation through Jesus Christ, offering us eternal hope and peace. Embracing this hope transforms our lives and empowers us to share the good news with others. Topics 1. The Character of God (Nahum 1:2-3) Nahum begins by describing God's nature, emphasizing His attributes of jealousy, vengeance, and wrath. The text states, "The LORD is a jealous and avenging God; the LORD is avenging and full of wrath. The LORD takes vengeance on His foes and reserves wrath for His enemies" (Nahum 1:2). The Hebrew word for "jealous" (קַנּוֹא, qanno) conveys a sense of zealous protection over His people. 2. God's Power Over Nature (Nahum 1:3-6) The passage highlights God's control over the natural world, illustrating His might and authority. "The LORD is slow to anger and great in power; the LORD will by no means leave the guilty unpunished. His path is in the whirlwind and storm, and clouds are the dust beneath His feet" (Nahum 1:3). The imagery of storms and clouds signifies His omnipotence. 3. The Certainty of God's Judgment (Nahum 1:7-8) Nahum reassures the faithful of God's goodness and protection while affirming the certainty of judgment against His enemies. "The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of distress; He cares for those who trust in Him. But with an overwhelming flood, He will make an end of Nineveh; He will pursue His foes into darkness" (Nahum 1:7-8). The Hebrew term for "good" (טוֹב, tov) reflects God's benevolent nature. 4. The Futility of Opposing God (Nahum 1:9-11) The text underscores the futility of plotting against the Lord, as His plans cannot be thwarted. "Whatever you plot against the LORD, He will bring to an end; trouble will not rise up a second time" (Nahum 1:9). This emphasizes the Hebrew concept of divine sovereignty and the inevitability of His will. 5. The Promise of Deliverance for Judah (Nahum 1:12-13) God promises relief and deliverance for Judah from their oppressors. "Though they are strong and numerous, they will be cut down and pass away. Though I have afflicted you, O Judah, I will afflict you no longer" (Nahum 1:12). This reflects God's covenant faithfulness and His commitment to His people. 6. The Destruction of Nineveh (Nahum 1:14-15) The chapter concludes with a prophecy of Nineveh's destruction and a message of peace for Judah. "The LORD has issued a command concerning you, O Nineveh: 'There will be no more descendants to carry on your name. I will cut off the carved images and cast idols from the house of your gods. I will prepare your grave, for you are contemptible'" (Nahum 1:14). The Hebrew word for "contemptible" (קָלָל, qalal) indicates the city's despised status before God. Themes 1. The Jealousy and Vengeance of God Nahum 1:2 states, "The LORD is a jealous and avenging God; the LORD is avenging and full of wrath." The Hebrew word for "jealous" (קַנּוֹא, qanno) conveys a sense of zealous protection over what is rightfully His. This theme emphasizes God's protective nature over His people and His righteous anger against sin and idolatry. 2. The Power and Majesty of God In Nahum 1:3-5, the text describes God's power over nature: "The LORD is slow to anger and great in power; the LORD will by no means leave the guilty unpunished." The imagery of storms, earthquakes, and the melting of mountains highlights God's supreme authority and control over creation, underscoring His ability to execute judgment. 3. The Goodness and Refuge of God Nahum 1:7 declares, "The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of distress; He cares for those who trust in Him." This theme contrasts God's wrath with His goodness and protection for those who seek refuge in Him. The Hebrew word for "good" (טוֹב, tov) reflects His benevolent and kind nature. 4. The Inevitable Judgment on the Wicked The chapter repeatedly emphasizes the certainty of judgment on the wicked, as seen in Nahum 1:8, "But with an overwhelming flood, He will make an end of Nineveh; He will pursue His foes into darkness." The imagery of an "overwhelming flood" signifies the totality and inescapability of divine judgment. 5. The Futility of Opposing God Nahum 1:9-11 highlights the futility of plotting against the LORD: "Whatever you plot against the LORD, He will bring to an end; trouble will not rise up a second time." This theme underscores the ultimate sovereignty of God and the foolishness of resisting His will. 6. The Deliverance and Restoration of God's People In Nahum 1:12-13, God promises deliverance for His people: "Though I have afflicted you, I will afflict you no more. For now I will break their yoke from your neck and tear away your shackles." This theme reflects God's commitment to restoring and freeing His people from oppression. Prayer Points Praise God for His Justice and Sovereignty Thank God for being a righteous judge and for His control over all things. Seek God's Refuge Pray for those who are in distress to find comfort and protection in God. Ask for Patience and Trust Request God's help in developing patience and trust in His timing and plans. Intercede for Repentance Pray for those who are far from God to come to repentance and experience His grace and mercy. Answering Tough Questions 1. In Nahum 1:2, how can God be both loving and yet described as jealous and avenging? 2. Regarding Nahum 1:3, how do we reconcile science’s explanation of storms with the claim that God controls whirlwinds? 3. Nahum 1:5 mentions mountains quaking and hills melting; is there any historical or geological evidence for such dramatic events tied to divine wrath? 4. In Nahum 1:8, it’s stated that God would destroy Nineveh with an overwhelming flood; do archaeological records support a catastrophic flood as the cause of Nineveh’s downfall? 5. If Nahum 1’s prophecies apply to ancient Nineveh’s destruction, why should modern believers consider this chapter relevant or authoritative? Bible Study Discussion Questions 1. How does Nahum 1 reflect on God's sovereignty? 2. What does the destruction of Nineveh reveal about God's justice? 3. How do the descriptions of God in Nahum 1 challenge your current perceptions of Him? 4. In what ways can the concept of God being a refuge be applied in your personal life? 5. How do the themes of divine wrath and mercy intertwine in this chapter? 6. How might you react if you were a citizen of Nineveh hearing this prophecy? 7. How does God's power over creation, as depicted in verses 4-6, impact your understanding of His authority? 8. In your life, how can you seek to avoid the fate of Nineveh and instead receive God's mercy? 9. What contemporary situations can you relate to the fall of Nineveh? 10. How can the people of Nineveh's actions serve as a warning for modern society? 11. How does God’s promise of deliverance for Judah in verse 15 provide hope for us today? 12. How can the principles in Nahum 1 be applied to societal justice today? 13. How does this chapter influence your understanding of sin and its consequences? 14. What steps can you take to ensure you are seeking refuge in God in times of trouble? 15. How do the dual aspects of God's nature (justice and mercy) reflect in your personal experiences? 16. How would you explain the balance of God's wrath and patience to someone struggling with this concept? 17. How can Nahum's prophecy encourage believers living in societies that oppose their faith? 18. Reflecting on Nahum 1, how would you counsel someone living in fear of God's wrath? 19. What lessons can governments and leaders today learn from the judgment pronounced on Nineveh? 20. How does Nahum 1 inform your understanding of God’s protective love for His people? Bible Hub Chapter Summaries and Bible Study Questions