◄ Ezekiel 24 ►
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Berean Standard Bible | Par ▾
The Parable of the Cooking Pot 1In the ninth year, on the tenth day of the tenth month, the word of the LORD came to me, saying, 2“Son of man, write down today’s date, for on this very day the king of Babylon has laid siege to Jerusalem. 3Now speak a parable to this rebellious house and tell them that this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Put the pot on the fire; put it on and pour in the water. 4Put in the pieces of meat, every good piece— thigh and shoulder— fill it with choice bones. 5Take the choicest of the flock and pile the fuel beneath it. Bring it to a boil and cook the bones in it.’ 6Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Woe to the city of bloodshed, to the pot now rusted, whose rust will not come off! Empty it piece by piece; cast no lots for its contents.a 7For the blood she shed is still within her; she poured it out on the bare rock; she did not pour it on the ground to cover it with dust. 8In order to stir up wrath and take vengeance, I have placed her blood on the bare rock, so that it would not be covered.’ 9Yes, this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Woe to the city of bloodshed! I, too, will pile the kindling high. 10Pile on the logs and kindle the fire; cook the meat well and mix in the spices; let the bones be burned. 11Set the empty pot on its coals until it becomes hot and its copper glows. Then its impurity will melt within; its rust will be consumed. 12It has frustrated every effort; its thick rust has not been removed, even by the fire. 13Because of the indecency of your uncleanness I tried to cleanse you, but you would not be purified from your filthiness. You will not be pure again until My wrath against you has subsided. 14I, the LORD, have spoken; the time is coming, and I will act. I will not refrain or show pity, nor will I relent. I will judge you according to your ways and deeds,’ declares the Lord GOD.” Ezekiel’s Wife Dies 15Then the word of the LORD came to me, saying, 16“Son of man, behold, I am about to take away the desire of your eyes with a fatal blow. But you must not mourn or weep or let your tears flow. 17Groan quietly; do not mourn for the dead. Put on your turban and strap your sandals on your feet; do not cover your lips or eat the bread of mourners.” 18So I spoke to the people in the morning, and in the evening my wife died. And the next morning I did as I had been commanded. 19Then the people asked me, “Won’t you tell us what these things you are doing mean to us?” 20So I answered them, “The word of the LORD came to me, saying: 21Tell the house of Israel that this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘I am about to desecrate My sanctuary, the pride of your power, the desire of your eyes, and the delight of your soul. And the sons and daughters you left behind will fall by the sword.’ 22Then you will do as I have done: You will not cover your lips or eat the bread of mourners. 23Your turbans will remain on your heads and your sandals on your feet. You will not mourn or weep, but you will waste away because of your sins, and you will groan among yourselves. 24‘Thus Ezekiel will be a sign for you; you will do everything that he has done. When this happens, you will know that I am the Lord GOD.’ 25And you, son of man, know that on the day I take away their stronghold, their pride and joy—the desire of their eyes which uplifted their souls—and their sons and daughters as well, 26on that day a fugitive will come and tell you the news. 27On that day your mouth will be opened to him who has escaped; you will speak and no longer be mute. So you will be a sign to them, and they will know that I am the LORD.” Footnotes: 6 a Or let no lot fall upon it Berean Standard Bible (BSB) printed 2016, 2020, 2022, 2025 by Bible Hub and Berean.Bible. Produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, unfoldingWord, Bible Aquifer, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee. This text of God's Word has been dedicated to the public domain. Free downloads and unlimited usage available. See also the Berean Literal Bible and Berean Interlinear Bible. Bible Hub Ezekiel 24 Summary The Parable of the Cooking Pot Verses 1–2 – The Final Siege Date Stamped On the tenth day of the tenth month in the ninth year of King Jehoiachin’s exile, God tells Ezekiel to “write down today’s date, this very day” for “the king of Babylon has laid siege to Jerusalem this very day” (24:2). The clock of judgment starts ticking in real time. Verses 3–5 – The Boiling Pot Parable Ezekiel must tell a story: “Put on the pot… also pour water into it; put in the pieces of meat” (24:3–4). The pot is Jerusalem, the choice cuts are her leaders, and the fire is Babylon’s attack. What looks like a hearty stew is actually the city stewing in its own wrongdoing. Verses 6–8 – Woe to the Bloody City The stew sticks and burns because the city’s violence is caked on the bottom. God exposes the “blood she shed in her midst.” The pot is tipped to bare the charred residue that has to be scoured away. No amount of shaking will hide the guilt. Verses 9–14 – The Fire Intensified The heat is turned up—logs piled, meat boiled away, bronze pot left empty so its impurities melt. Nothing short of white-hot judgment can cleanse Jerusalem’s corruption. When God has finished, the fire dies down only because the work of purification is complete. Verses 15–18 – The Death of Ezekiel’s Wife Suddenly God tells His prophet, “I am about to take away the delight of your eyes” (24:16). Ezekiel’s beloved wife dies that evening, yet he may not mourn outwardly. His silent shock mirrors the stunned grief the exiles will feel when they hear Jerusalem has fallen. Verses 19–27 – A Sign for the Exiles The people ask, “Will you not tell us what these things mean?” Ezekiel answers: just as he cannot weep, they will be struck speechless. When a fugitive arrives with news of the city’s destruction, the prophet will speak again—proof that “you will know that I am the LORD GOD!” (24:24, 27) Ezekiel 24 presents a dramatic narrative where God conveys the impending judgment on Jerusalem through two symbolic events: a boiling pot and the death of Ezekiel's wife. The chapter portrays a complex intertwining of personal loss and public duty, highlighting the gravity of the divine message. Historical Setting: Exact Day, Exact Doom • The Babylonian Chronicle tablet records that Nebuchadnezzar began his siege of Jerusalem in the winter of 589/588 BC—the very date Ezekiel writes down from hundreds of miles away in exile. • 2 Kings 25:1 names the same day. This synchronization shows that God’s word is not guesswork; it is anchored in history. • The exile community in Tel-abib hears the date before any courier could possibly ride from Jerusalem, underscoring divine foreknowledge. The Siege of Jerusalem • Babylon had already deported nobles (including Ezekiel) in 597 BC. Zedekiah’s rebellion brought the final assault. • Jeremiah 39:1–2 confirms an eighteen-month siege ending in 586 BC. • Ancient siege ramps uncovered on the Ophel Hill and scorched layers in the City of David align with biblical accounts of burning (24:9–10). The Boiling Pot Symbolism • Pot = the city walls, imagined as a cooking cauldron (cf. 11:3). • Meat = the residents—“the choicest bones” (24:4). The elites thought Jerusalem was a safe kettle; God turns the picture upside-down. • Scum (rust) = sin hardened on the pot’s surface, impossible to scrub away by casual cleaning. • Fire = Babylon’s armies, inflamed by God’s anger (v.9). “Woe to the Bloody City” • “Blood” echoes Genesis 4:10—blood cries to God from the ground. • Jerusalem’s violence: child sacrifice (2 Kings 21:6), judicial murder (Jeremiah 26:20–23). • Nahum pronounces the same woe on Nineveh (Nahum 3:1). God is impartial—His own city receives equal justice. Intensifying the Fire • The order to empty the pot (v.11) ensures even the bronze itself glows. Malachi 3:2 speaks of a refiner’s fire; Isaiah 4:4 talks about “a spirit of judgment and of burning.” • God’s goal is not annihilation but purification; when the dross is gone, He can rebuild (Ezra 1:1). Ezekiel’s Personal Loss: Ministry at a Cost • Prophets often lived their message: Hosea married an unfaithful wife; Isaiah named his sons with prophetic slogans. • Ezekiel loses “the delight of your eyes.” The phrase shows marriage as God-given joy, yet personal comfort yields to divine purpose. • God forbids public grieving customs (uncovered head, covered mustache, bread of mourners). The prophet becomes a living parable of restrained sorrow that will grip the exiles. Prophetic Silence and the Future Messenger • Ezekiel had been partially mute since chapter 3, speaking only when God opened his mouth. • Verse 27 promises the restriction will lift when the survivor arrives (fulfilled in 33:21–22). The lifting of silence represents a turning point from judgment to restoration prophecies (chs. 33–48). Archaeological Insights • Cooking pots of bronze and clay from Iron Age II layers in Jerusalem show soot and lime deposits—visual aids for Ezekiel’s metaphor. • Cuneiform ration tablets from Babylonia list “Yau-kin, king of Judah,” corroborating the exile of Jehoiachin (cf. 2 Kings 24:15). • Babylonian arrowheads and ashes in Level VII at Lachish match the empire’s advance toward Jerusalem during the siege period. Connections to Other Scriptures • Luke 21:20–24—Jesus foretells another siege of Jerusalem, echoing Ezekiel’s language. • Revelation 18 parallels the laments over a fallen city: repeated “Woe! Woe!” for Babylon the Great, just as Ezekiel cries over Jerusalem. • Psalm 137 was written by exiles who felt the stunned silence Ezekiel enacted. Practical Takeaways • God keeps exact time. The same God who marked the tenth day of the tenth month marks our days; nothing is random. • Hidden sin eventually surfaces; like the crusted pot, it cannot be concealed by outward polish. • God’s servants may carry personal burdens that become messages to others. Faithfulness sometimes means silent obedience amid pain. • Judgment is never God’s last word. After the fire comes refinement, and after silence, a new word of hope. Connections to Additional Scriptures Jeremiah 18:1-6 The imagery of the potter and the clay, illustrating God's authority to shape nations and individuals. Hebrews 12:5-11 The purpose of God's discipline in the lives of believers. Lamentations 3:22-23 The hope and mercy of God, even amidst judgment and suffering. 2 Peter 3:9 God's patience and desire for all to come to repentance. Teaching Points The Boiling Pot Parable Ezekiel 24:3-5 describes a parable where God instructs Ezekiel to set a pot on the fire, symbolizing the siege of Jerusalem. The pot represents the city, and the choice cuts of meat symbolize the people of Jerusalem. Judgment on Jerusalem In verses 6-14, God declares judgment on Jerusalem, likening it to a pot encrusted with rust that cannot be cleansed. This rust symbolizes the bloodshed and corruption within the city. Ezekiel's Personal Loss Verses 15-18 reveal a personal tragedy for Ezekiel, as God tells him that his wife will die, yet he is not to mourn publicly. This act serves as a sign to the people of Israel, illustrating the depth of their impending loss. A Sign to the People The death of Ezekiel's wife and his response is a prophetic sign to the Israelites, showing that they too will experience loss and devastation without the opportunity to mourn (verses 19-24). God's Sovereignty and Justice Throughout the chapter, God's sovereignty and justice are emphasized. He is in control of the events unfolding and is righteous in His judgment. Practical Applications Reflect on Personal Sin Just as Jerusalem was judged for its sin, we should examine our own lives for areas of unrepentant sin and seek God's forgiveness. Trust in God's Sovereignty In times of personal loss or national crisis, trust that God is sovereign and His purposes are ultimately for our good and His glory. Respond to God's Warnings Be attentive to the ways God may be warning us through circumstances or His Word, and respond with repentance and obedience. Embrace God's Discipline Understand that God's discipline, though painful, is an expression of His love and desire for us to return to Him. People 1. The LORD (YHWH) The chapter begins with the word of the LORD coming to Ezekiel. The LORD is the central figure who communicates the message and commands Ezekiel to deliver a prophecy. In Hebrew, the name used is יהוה (YHWH), which is the sacred and personal name of God in the Old Testament. 2. Ezekiel The prophet who receives the message from the LORD. He is instructed to deliver the prophecy concerning the boiling pot and to act out a sign regarding the death of his wife. Ezekiel's role is to be a mouthpiece for God's message to the people of Israel. 3. Ezekiel's Wife Although not named, she is a significant figure in this chapter as her death is used as a sign to the people of Israel. The LORD tells Ezekiel that He will take away "the delight of your eyes" (Ezekiel 24:16), referring to his wife, and instructs him not to mourn in the traditional manner. 4. The House of Israel The collective term for the people of Israel to whom the prophecy is directed. They are the audience of Ezekiel's message and are meant to understand the symbolic actions and words as a reflection of their own impending judgment and suffering. Places 1. Jerusalem While not explicitly named in Ezekiel 24, Jerusalem is the implied location of the events described. The chapter is part of a larger narrative concerning the impending siege and destruction of Jerusalem due to the people's unfaithfulness. The boiling pot parable symbolizes the city and its inhabitants facing judgment. 2. Babylon Although not directly mentioned in this chapter, Babylon is the empire responsible for the siege of Jerusalem. The context of Ezekiel's prophecies often involves Babylon as the instrument of God's judgment against Israel. Events 1. The Parable of the Boiling Pot In Ezekiel 24:1-5, God instructs Ezekiel to record the exact date and deliver a parable to the rebellious house of Israel. The parable involves a boiling pot filled with choice pieces of meat, symbolizing the siege of Jerusalem. The Hebrew word for "parable" (מָשָׁל, mashal) indicates a account with a deeper meaning, often used to convey divine messages. 2. The Corruption of Jerusalem Verses 6-8 describe the bloodshed and corruption of Jerusalem, likening it to a pot whose scum is not removed. The city is depicted as a place of violence and impurity, with blood openly shed. The Hebrew term for "scum" (חֶלְאָה, chela'ah) suggests filth or rust, symbolizing moral decay. 3. The Judgment on Jerusalem In verses 9-14, God declares His judgment on Jerusalem, emphasizing that the city will not be cleansed until His wrath is satisfied. The repeated phrase "I, the LORD, have spoken" underscores the certainty and divine authority behind the prophecy. The Hebrew root דִּבֶּר (dabar) for "spoken" conveys the power and finality of God's word. 4. The Death of Ezekiel’s Wife Verses 15-18 recount the personal tragedy of Ezekiel, where God informs him that his wife will die suddenly. Ezekiel is commanded not to mourn publicly, serving as a sign to the people of Israel. The Hebrew word for "sign" (אוֹת, oth) indicates a symbolic act meant to convey a prophetic message. 5. The Significance of Ezekiel’s Mourning In verses 19-24, the people inquire about Ezekiel's unusual behavior, and he explains that it symbolizes the impending destruction of Jerusalem and the loss of their sanctuary. The lack of traditional mourning reflects the shock and devastation that will befall the people. The Hebrew root שָׁמֵם (shamem) for "desolate" highlights the complete desolation that will occur. 6. The Message of Hope Finally, in verses 25-27, God promises that after the destruction, a fugitive will bring news to Ezekiel, and his mouth will be opened. This signifies the restoration of communication and hope for the future. The Hebrew root פָּתַח (pathach) for "opened" suggests a new beginning or revelation. Lessons from Ezekiel 24 1. The Pot and the Scum: A Call to Purity Ezekiel 24 begins with a vivid metaphor: a pot filled with choice meat, but it becomes tainted with scum. This imagery reminds us of the importance of purity in our lives. Just as the pot was meant to be clean, we are called to live lives that reflect holiness. "Remove the scum from it," God commands (Ezekiel 24:11). This is a call to examine our hearts and remove anything that separates us from God. 2. The Boiling Pot: Consequences of Sin The boiling pot represents the judgment that comes from persistent sin. God uses this metaphor to illustrate the consequences that Israel faces due to their rebellion. It serves as a reminder that our actions have consequences, and turning away from God leads to spiritual turmoil. "For the blood she shed is in her midst," God declares (Ezekiel 24:7). Let this be a lesson to seek repentance and restoration. 3. The Day of Reckoning: God’s Perfect Timing Ezekiel 24:2 marks a specific day when God’s word comes to pass. This teaches us about God’s perfect timing. He is never late, nor is He early. His plans unfold precisely when they should. Trust in His timing, even when it seems delayed, for He knows the end from the beginning. 4. The Loss of Ezekiel’s Wife: A Lesson in Obedience Ezekiel is told that his wife will die, yet he is commanded not to mourn publicly. This difficult command highlights the prophet’s obedience and trust in God’s plan. "Do not lament or weep or let your tears flow" (Ezekiel 24:16). It challenges us to trust God’s wisdom, even when His ways are beyond our understanding. 5. A Sign to the People: Living Testimonies Ezekiel’s life becomes a sign to the people of Israel. His actions and experiences are meant to convey God’s message. This reminds us that our lives are testimonies to those around us. "You will do as I have done," God tells Ezekiel (Ezekiel 24:22). Let your life be a living testimony of God’s grace and truth. 6. The Silence of the Prophet: Power in Stillness After the death of his wife, Ezekiel is rendered silent until God opens his mouth again. This period of silence teaches us the power of stillness and reflection. Sometimes, God calls us to be still and listen, rather than speak. "You will be silent and unable to rebuke them" (Ezekiel 24:27). Embrace moments of quiet to hear God’s voice more clearly. 7. The Role of a Watchman: Responsibility and Accountability Ezekiel’s role as a watchman is underscored in this chapter. He is responsible for delivering God’s message, regardless of the people’s response. This reminds us of our responsibility to share the truth of the Gospel. "You will be a sign to them, and they will know that I am the LORD" (Ezekiel 24:27). Be faithful in your calling to share God’s word. 8. The Certainty of God’s Word: Trust in His Promises Throughout Ezekiel 24, God’s words are fulfilled exactly as He declares. This assures us of the certainty and reliability of His promises. "The word of the LORD came to me" (Ezekiel 24:1). Trust in His promises, for they are sure and steadfast. 9. The Heart of God: Justice and Mercy While the chapter speaks of judgment, it also reveals God’s heart for justice and mercy. He desires repentance and restoration for His people. "I will not relent or have pity or be sorry" (Ezekiel 24:14). Yet, His ultimate goal is to bring His people back to Him. Remember, God’s justice is always balanced with His mercy. 10. The Ultimate Hope: Restoration through Christ Ezekiel 24 points to the need for a Savior who can cleanse us from sin and restore us to God. This hope is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who offers salvation and new life. "For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord" (Romans 6:23). Embrace the hope and restoration found in Christ alone. Topics 1. The Parable of the Boiling Pot In Ezekiel 24:1-14, God instructs Ezekiel to deliver a parable about a boiling pot. This parable symbolizes the impending siege of Jerusalem. The pot represents the city, and the meat and bones inside symbolize the people and their leaders. The boiling signifies the judgment and destruction that will come upon them. The Hebrew word for "pot" (סִיר, ^sir^) emphasizes the containment and inescapability of the judgment. 2. The Death of Ezekiel’s Wife In Ezekiel 24:15-18, God tells Ezekiel that his wife will die suddenly, and he is instructed not to mourn her in the traditional manner. This personal tragedy serves as a sign to the people of Israel, illustrating the severity of the coming judgment and the loss they will experience. The Hebrew term for "delight of your eyes" (מַחְמַד עֵינֶיךָ, ^machmad einecha^) underscores the deep personal loss Ezekiel is to endure. 3. Sign to the Exiles In Ezekiel 24:19-24, Ezekiel’s actions and the death of his wife are explained as a sign to the exiles. The people are to understand that just as Ezekiel refrains from mourning, they too will be unable to mourn the destruction of Jerusalem and the loss of their children. The Hebrew root for "sign" (אוֹת, ^oth^) indicates a visible or symbolic act meant to convey a deeper message. 4. The Day of Judgment In Ezekiel 24:25-27, God speaks of the day when He will take away the stronghold, joy, and glory of the people—their sons and daughters. On that day, a fugitive will bring news to Ezekiel, and his mouth will be opened to speak to the people. This signifies the fulfillment of God’s word and the beginning of a new phase in Ezekiel’s prophetic ministry. The Hebrew word for "fugitive" (פָּלִיט, ^palit^) highlights the escape and survival of a remnant who will bear witness to the events. Themes 1. The Parable of the Boiling Pot In Ezekiel 24, God uses the metaphor of a boiling pot to symbolize the impending siege of Jerusalem. The pot represents the city, and the meat inside symbolizes its inhabitants. This imagery is meant to convey the severity and inevitability of God's judgment. The Hebrew word for "pot" (סִיר, ^sir^) emphasizes the containment and inescapability of the judgment. 2. The Certainty of Judgment The chapter underscores the certainty of God's judgment against Jerusalem. In verse 14, God declares, "I, the LORD, have spoken. It will come to pass; I will act." This theme highlights God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His prophetic word, emphasizing that His decrees are irrevocable. 3. The Sign of Ezekiel’s Wife God tells Ezekiel that his wife will die suddenly, and he is instructed not to mourn her death publicly. This personal tragedy serves as a sign to the people of Israel, illustrating the profound loss and mourning they will experience when Jerusalem falls. The Hebrew root for "sign" (אוֹת, ^oth^) indicates a visible or symbolic act meant to convey a deeper message. 4. The Silence of Mourning Ezekiel is commanded not to engage in traditional mourning practices, symbolizing the stunned silence and inability to mourn that will grip the people when they face the destruction of Jerusalem. This theme reflects the depth of shock and despair that will accompany the judgment. 5. The Role of the Prophet Ezekiel's experiences and actions serve as a living prophecy to the people of Israel. His life becomes a message, illustrating the role of a prophet as both a messenger and a participant in God's unfolding plan. The Hebrew term for "prophet" (נָבִיא, ^navi^) underscores the calling to speak forth God's truth, often through personal sacrifice. 6. The Inevitability of Divine Justice The chapter emphasizes that God's justice is inevitable and will be executed without delay. The repeated affirmations of God's resolve to act (e.g., "I will not relent," verse 14) highlight the theme of divine justice that cannot be thwarted or postponed. 7. The Impact of Sin The boiling pot parable and the subsequent events illustrate the consequences of Israel's persistent sin and rebellion. The chapter serves as a reminder of the seriousness of sin and the necessity of repentance to avoid divine judgment. The Hebrew word for "sin" (חֵטְא, ^chet^) conveys the idea of missing the mark or straying from God's commands. Prayer Points Repentance Pray for a heart of repentance and sensitivity to the Holy Spirit's conviction. Trust in God's Plan Ask for faith to trust in God's sovereign plan, even when it involves personal or communal loss. Strength in Trials Seek God's strength and comfort in times of personal grief or national crisis. Awareness of God's Warnings Pray for discernment to recognize and respond to God's warnings in our lives and communities. Answering Tough Questions 1. How can Ezekiel 24:1–2 precisely date Nebuchadnezzar’s siege of Jerusalem, and does historical evidence align with this exact day? 2. Why would God forbid Ezekiel from mourning his wife’s death (Ezekiel 24:15–18), and how does this command reconcile with the Bible’s portrayal of divine compassion? 3. Is there any historical or archaeological support for the events symbolized by the boiling pot imagery (Ezekiel 24:3–14), or does it contradict known facts about Jerusalem’s siege? 4. Does the command to remain silent in Ezekiel 24:24–27 conflict with other biblical instructions on mourning or expressions of grief? 5. How do modern scholars address perceived moral and ethical issues surrounding the use of a personal tragedy (Ezekiel 24:15–24) as a prophetic sign? Bible Study Discussion Questions 1. How does the metaphor of the boiling pot in Ezekiel 24 depict the impending judgment on Jerusalem? 2. What can we learn about the nature of God's judgment from this chapter? 3. How does the death of Ezekiel's wife symbolize the loss that the Israelites will experience? 4. How would you respond if you were in Ezekiel's position, experiencing personal loss while carrying out a divine mandate? 5. How do Ezekiel's actions challenge our conventional understanding of grief and mourning? 6. How can we apply the principle of public duty over personal loss in our lives today? 7. Why do you think God commanded Ezekiel not to mourn for his wife publicly? 8. How does this chapter illustrate the link between individual and communal consequences of sin? 9. How does the unfolding of events in this chapter illuminate God's sovereignty? 10. How might the Israelites' response to their impending judgment inform our reaction to warnings and consequences today? 11. How can we relate the historical context of this chapter to the contemporary world? 12. How can you see God's grace even in His judgments as described in Ezekiel 24? 13. How does Ezekiel's obedience to God's command inspire you in your walk with God? 14. How does the image of the boiling pot challenge us to consider the state of our hearts and societies? 15. What are some ways we can confront and address societal corruption and violence today, as represented by the boiling pot? 16. How does the lack of mourning, in Ezekiel's case, relate to our modern understanding of emotional health and expression? 17. How can we balance personal emotions and public responsibilities in times of crisis? 18. How might the loss of something precious, like the temple for the Israelites or a loved one for Ezekiel, be used by God to communicate a deeper message? 19. How does the reaction of the Israelites to Ezekiel's strange behavior challenge us to seek understanding when confronted with the unfamiliar or confusing? 20. How can we use Ezekiel's experience in this chapter to cultivate resilience and faithfulness in times of personal and communal suffering? Bible Hub Chapter Summaries and Bible Study Questions