◄ Isaiah 15 ►
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The Burden against Moab (Jeremiah 48:1–47) 1This is the burden against Moab: Ar in Moab is ruined, destroyed in a night! Kir in Moab is devastated, destroyed in a night! 2Dibon goes up to its temple to weep at its high places. Moab wails over Nebo, as well as over Medeba. Every head is shaved, every beard is cut off. 3In its streets they wear sackcloth; on the rooftops and in the public squares they all wail, falling down weeping. 4Heshbon and Elealeh cry out; their voices are heard as far as Jahaz. Therefore the soldiers of Moab cry out; their souls tremble within. 5My heart cries out over Moab; her fugitives flee as far as Zoar, as far as Eglath-shelishiyah.a With weeping they ascend the slope of Luhith; they lament their destruction on the road to Horonaim. 6The waters of Nimrim are dried up, and the grass is withered; the vegetation is gone, and the greenery is no more. 7So they carry their wealth and belongings over the Brook of the Willows.b 8For their outcry echoes to the border of Moab. Their wailing reaches Eglaim; it is heard in Beer-elim. 9The waters of Dimonc are full of blood, but I will bring more upon Dimon— a lion upon the fugitives of Moab and upon the remnant of the land. Footnotes: 5 a Or Zoar, like a heifer three years of age. 7 b Or Poplars 9 c MT, twice in this verse; DSS and Vulgate Dibon; Dimon, a wordplay on Dibon (see verse 2), sounds like the Hebrew for blood. Berean Standard Bible (BSB) printed 2016, 2020, 2022, 2025 by Bible Hub and Berean.Bible. Produced in cooperation with Bible Hub, Discovery Bible, unfoldingWord, Bible Aquifer, OpenBible.com, and the Berean Bible Translation Committee. This text of God's Word has been dedicated to the public domain. Free downloads and unlimited usage available. See also the Berean Literal Bible and Berean Interlinear Bible. Bible Hub Isaiah 15 Summary The Burden against Moab Verses 1–2 – Sudden Ruin in Moab’s Strongholds A single night topples Moab’s twin fortresses, Ar and Kir. The shock drives the people to their pagan shrines in Dibon, Nebo, and Medeba, where frantic worship turns into hopeless weeping. Mourning customs—shaved heads and beards—signal total humiliation. Verses 3–4 – Wailing in the Streets Sackcloth replaces everyday clothes. Rooftops and public squares echo with sobs. Once-proud Heshbon and Elealeh cry so loudly that even distant Jahaz hears them. The bravest soldiers lose heart; their courage melts. Verses 5–6 – Flight of Refugees The prophet’s own heart breaks while Moab’s refugees stream south toward Zoar. They drag themselves up the steep ascent of Luhith and down toward Horonaim, bawling all the way. Meanwhile the Waters of Nimrim dry up—no pools, no crops, no hope. Verses 7–9 – River of Blood and Approaching Judgment Desperate survivors lug their belongings across the Brook of the Willows. Their cries ripple clear to Eglaim and Beer Elim. Blood reddens Dimon’s waters, yet worse is coming: a “lion” will hunt the remnant until the land lies silent. Isaiah 15 is a heartfelt prophecy of impending disaster that will befall the nation of Moab, a historic enemy of Israel. This chapter underscores the sovereignty of God over all nations and paints a vivid image of the mourning and distress that will ensue due to the divine judgment. It signifies the transience of earthly powers and reminds the readers of the ultimate supremacy of God's will. Historical Context of Moab and Israel • Moab descended from Lot (Genesis 19:36-37) and lived east of the Dead Sea. • They alternated between trading partners (Ruth 1:1-6) and fierce foes (Numbers 22, 2 Kings 3). • Isaiah’s day saw Assyria expanding southward after subduing Aram and northern Israel (c. 734–715 BC). Moab, wedged between Edom and Ammon, felt the squeeze and looked vulnerable. Dating the Oracle Many scholars place Isaiah 15–16 around 715 BC, just after Assyria crushed Philistia and before marching on Egypt. Moab’s panic fits a rapid, surprise assault—perhaps by Assyria under Sargon II or by regional raiders sensing Assyrian weakness after Sargon’s death (705 BC). Isaiah writes as though the destruction is happening “in a night,” highlighting how swiftly God’s warning unfolds. Geographical and Archaeological Insights • Ar and Kir (v. 1): likely modern-day Ara’ir and Kerak—fortified sites guarding the Arnon Gorge. • Dibon (v. 2) is famously linked to the Mesha Stele (c. 840 BC), a Moabite victory inscription discovered in 1868 that confirms place-names such as “Arnon” and “House of David.” • Heshbon and Elealeh (v. 4) sit on high plateaus overlooking the Jordan Valley, strategic for trade caravans. • The Waters of Nimrim (v. 6) may be the present-day Wadi en-Numeira; seasonal springs once nourished lush pasture. • Dimon (v. 9) is thought to be a wordplay on Dibon; Isaiah substitutes the consonant “m” (blood) for “b” to underscore slaughter. • The “Ascent of Luhith” (v. 5) is a steep pass whose switchbacks still challenge hikers today, helping the imagery of people stumbling uphill in panic. Patterns of Mourning in the Ancient Near East Shaving the head or beard (v. 2) and wearing sackcloth (v. 3) were universal signals of grief (cf. Jeremiah 48:37, Job 1:20). Loud public wailing let neighboring towns know tragedy had struck (Amos 5:16). Isaiah’s details match archaeological reliefs from Nineveh that show prisoners with bald scalps and rough garments. Theological Themes 1. Swift Judgment: The double phrase “destroyed in a night” (v. 1) mirrors Exodus 12:29 and Daniel 5:30—God can overturn empires between dusk and dawn. 2. Compassion of the Prophet: “My heart laments for Moab” (v. 5) anticipates Jesus weeping over Jerusalem (Luke 19:41). Divine judgment does not cancel divine compassion. 3. Futility of Idols: Moab flees to its high places (v. 2) yet finds no help. Psalm 115:4-8 states that idols cannot speak, see, or save. 4. Pride’s Fall: Jeremiah 48:29-30 calls Moab “exceedingly proud.” Disaster often follows self-glory (Proverbs 16:18). Connections to Other Scriptures • Isaiah 16 continues the oracle, urging Moab to send tribute “to the mountain of the Daughter of Zion.” • Numbers 21:26-30 records an earlier ruin of Heshbon, foreshadowing Isaiah’s lament. • Amos 2:1-3 and Zephaniah 2:8-11 echo judgment on Moab, confirming a consistent prophetic chorus. • The “lion” imagery (v. 9) parallels 2 Kings 17:25, where God sends lions among disobedient settlers. Prophetic Fulfillment and Future Echoes By 701 BC, Assyrian records list Moab among subject states paying tribute; their strongholds never fully recovered. Centuries later, Judas Maccabeus campaigns through the same towns (1 Maccabees 5:6-8), finding them sparsely populated. Today many of these sites are archaeological mounds (tells) with no modern city, verifying Isaiah’s long-range wording: “those who remain in the land” are few indeed. Lessons for Today’s Believers • National security can vanish overnight; ultimate safety rests in the Lord, not walls or wealth (Psalm 20:7). • Hard hearts in power do not silence God’s heart of mercy; His people may lament even while affirming His justice. • When idols fail, turning toward Zion—symbolic of God’s presence—remains the only sure refuge (Isaiah 16:1-5, Hebrews 12:22-24). • Preemptive humility shields us from Moab’s fate. “Humble yourselves before the Lord, and He will exalt you” (James 4:10). Connections to Additional Scriptures Proverbs 16:18 Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall. This verse underscores the theme of pride leading to downfall, as seen in Moab's story. Matthew 5:4 Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted. This Beatitude connects to the mourning in Moab, offering hope for those who turn to God in their grief. Jeremiah 48 Another prophecy against Moab, providing further context and insight into God's dealings with the nation. Teaching Points The Burden of Moab Isaiah 15:1 begins with An oracle concerning Moab, indicating a divine message of judgment. This sets the tone for the entire chapter, emphasizing God's authority over nations. Desolation and Mourning Verses 2-4 describe the widespread mourning and desolation in Moab. The people are depicted as shaving their heads and wearing sackcloth, traditional signs of grief and repentance. The Cry of Moab In verse 5, Isaiah expresses compassion, saying, My heart cries out for Moab. This highlights the prophet's empathy even amidst pronouncing judgment, reflecting God's own sorrow over sin. The Collapse of Moab's Strength Verses 6-9 detail the destruction of Moab's agricultural wealth and military strength, illustrating the futility of relying on earthly resources instead of God. Practical Applications Reflect on National Pride Consider how national pride and self-reliance can lead to downfall. Are there areas where we, as individuals or as a nation, need to humble ourselves before God? Empathy in Judgment Like Isaiah, we should maintain a heart of compassion even when confronting sin and its consequences in others. Dependence on God Evaluate where you place your trust. Are you relying on material wealth or human strength, or are you depending on God? People 1. Moab Moab is the central subject of Isaiah 15. It was a nation located east of the Dead Sea, often in conflict with Israel. The chapter prophesies the destruction and lamentation of Moab. 2. Ar Ar is a city in Moab mentioned in Isaiah 15:1. It is one of the locations that will face ruin. 3. Kir Kir is another city in Moab mentioned alongside Ar in Isaiah 15:1. It is also prophesied to be destroyed. 4. Dibon Dibon is a city in Moab mentioned in Isaiah 15:2. The people of Dibon are described as going up to the high places to weep. 5. Nebo Nebo is a location in Moab mentioned in Isaiah 15:2. It is associated with mourning and lamentation. 6. Medeba Medeba is another city in Moab mentioned in Isaiah 15:2. It is also a place of mourning. 7. Heshbon Heshbon is a city in Moab mentioned in Isaiah 15:4. It is described as crying out, and its voice is heard as far as Jahaz. 8. Elealeh Elealeh is a city in Moab mentioned in Isaiah 15:4. It is paired with Heshbon in the lamentation. 9. Zoar Zoar is a small city mentioned in Isaiah 15:5. It is described as a place to which the fugitives of Moab flee. 10. Eglath-shelishiyah This is a location mentioned in Isaiah 15:5. It is part of the path of the fugitives. 11. Luhith Luhith is a location mentioned in Isaiah 15:5. It is described as a place of weeping. 12. Horonaim Horonaim is a city mentioned in Isaiah 15:5. It is associated with cries of destruction. Places 1. Ar This is a city in Moab. The Hebrew root for Ar is "עָר" (ʿār), which means "city." It is mentioned as a place that will be laid waste. 2. Kir Another city in Moab, Kir is often associated with a fortress or stronghold. The Hebrew root "קִיר" (qîr) means "wall" or "fortress." 3. Dibon A city located in Moab, known for its high places. The Hebrew root "דִּיבֹן" (dîḇôn) is the name of the city itself. 4. Nebo A mountain and city in Moab, associated with idol worship. The Hebrew root "נְבוֹ" (nəḇô) refers to the name of the city and the mountain. 5. Medeba A city in Moab, known for its plains. The Hebrew root "מֵידְבָא" (mêḏəḇāʾ) is the name of the city. 6. Heshbon A significant city in Moab, often mentioned in the context of its pools and waters. The Hebrew root "חֶשְׁבּוֹן" (ḥešbôn) is the name of the city. 7. Elealeh A city near Heshbon, known for its vineyards. The Hebrew root "אֶלְעָלֵא" (ʾelʿālê) is the name of the city. 8. Jahaz A location in Moab where battles took place. The Hebrew root "יָהַץ" (yāhaṣ) is the name of the place. 9. Zoar A small city near the Dead Sea, often associated with refuge. The Hebrew root "צֹעַר" (ṣōʿar) means "small" or "insignificant." 10. Horonaim A city in Moab, mentioned in the context of distress. The Hebrew root "חֹרֹנַיִם" (ḥōrōnāyim) is the name of the city. 11. Eglath-shelishiyah A location in Moab, possibly a place of pasture. The Hebrew root "עֶגְלַת שְׁלִישִׁיָּה" (ʿeḡlaṯ šəlîšîyâ) refers to a "third Eglath" or "three-year-old heifer." 12. Luhith A location in Moab, known for its ascent. The Hebrew root "לוּחִית" (lûḥîṯ) is the name of the place. 13. Nimrim A place in Moab associated with waters. The Hebrew root "נִמְרִים" (nimrîm) is the name of the place. Events 1. Destruction of Ar and Kir "Ar in Moab is devastated, destroyed in a night! Kir in Moab is devastated, destroyed in a night!" (Isaiah 15:1). The prophecy begins with the sudden destruction of two key cities in Moab, Ar and Kir, emphasizing the swiftness and completeness of the devastation. 2. Weeping at Dibon "They go up to Dibon, to the high places to weep. Moab wails over Nebo and Medeba; every head is shaved, every beard is cut off." (Isaiah 15:2). The people of Moab ascend to Dibon to mourn, showing signs of deep grief and humiliation by shaving their heads and beards. 3. Public Mourning "In their streets they wear sackcloth; on the rooftops and in the public squares they all wail, falling down weeping." (Isaiah 15:3). The mourning extends throughout the city, with people donning sackcloth and expressing their sorrow openly. 4. Cry of Heshbon and Elealeh "Heshbon and Elealeh cry out; their voices are heard as far away as Jahaz. Therefore the armed men of Moab cry out, and their souls tremble within them." (Isaiah 15:4). The cries of distress from Heshbon and Elealeh reach distant places, causing fear and trembling among Moab's warriors. 5. Desolation of Waters of Nimrim "The waters of Nimrim are dried up, and the grass is withered; the vegetation is gone, and the greenery is no more." (Isaiah 15:6). The drying up of the waters signifies a severe drought, leading to the withering of vegetation and loss of fertility in the land. 6. Carrying of Possessions "So they carry their wealth and belongings over the Brook of the Willows." (Isaiah 15:7). The Moabites are forced to flee, taking their possessions with them across the Brook of the Willows, indicating displacement and exile. 7. Wailing Reaches Eglaim and Beer Elim "For their outcry echoes to the border of Moab. Their wailing reaches Eglaim; it is heard in Beer Elim." (Isaiah 15:8). The lamentation spreads throughout the region, reaching even the distant areas of Eglaim and Beer Elim. 8. Overflowing Waters of Dimon "The waters of Dimon are full of blood, but I will bring more upon Dimon—a lion upon the fugitives of Moab and upon the remnant of the land." (Isaiah 15:9). The waters of Dimon are described as being filled with blood, symbolizing violence and death, with further calamities prophesied, including attacks by a lion on the survivors. Lessons from Isaiah 15 1. The Reality of Judgment Isaiah 15 opens with a prophecy against Moab, highlighting the certainty of divine judgment. This serves as a reminder that God’s justice is inevitable. As it is written, "An oracle concerning Moab: Ar in Moab is ruined, destroyed in a night!" (Isaiah 15:1). This underscores the importance of living righteously and being prepared for the day of the Lord. 2. The Consequence of Pride Moab’s downfall is a direct result of its pride and arrogance. Pride often leads to destruction, as Proverbs 16:18 warns, "Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall." This lesson encourages us to cultivate humility and seek God’s guidance in all things. 3. The Power of Compassion Despite the judgment pronounced, Isaiah expresses deep sorrow for Moab’s plight. "My heart cries out for Moab" (Isaiah 15:5). This teaches us the importance of compassion, even towards those who face consequences for their actions. We are called to love our neighbors and pray for those in distress. 4. The Transience of Earthly Security Moab’s cities, once secure, are now in ruins. This reminds us that earthly security is fleeting. "The waters of Nimrim are dried up" (Isaiah 15:6). Our true security lies in God alone, who is our eternal refuge and strength. 5. The Call to Repentance The devastation of Moab serves as a call to repentance. It is a vivid illustration of the need to turn away from sin and seek God’s mercy. As 2 Chronicles 7:14 encourages, "If My people who are called by My name humble themselves, pray, and seek My face, and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven." 6. The Inevitability of Change Moab’s transformation from prosperity to desolation highlights the inevitability of change. "The grass is withered, the new growth is gone" (Isaiah 15:6). This reminds us to hold loosely to the things of this world and focus on the eternal promises of God. 7. The Importance of Mourning The chapter vividly describes Moab’s mourning rituals, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging grief. "Every head is shaved, every beard is cut off" (Isaiah 15:2). Mourning is a natural response to loss and a step towards healing, allowing us to seek comfort in God’s presence. 8. The Role of Prophecy Isaiah’s prophecy serves as a warning and a guide. Prophecy in Scripture is not just about foretelling the future but also about calling people back to God. It reminds us to heed God’s Word and align our lives with His will. 9. The Sovereignty of God Throughout Isaiah 15, God’s sovereignty is evident. He is in control of nations and their destinies. This reassures us that no matter the chaos around us, God’s plan is perfect and His purposes will prevail. 10. The Hope of Restoration While Isaiah 15 focuses on judgment, it is part of a larger narrative that includes hope and restoration. God’s ultimate desire is for reconciliation and redemption. As believers, we hold onto the hope of Christ’s return and the restoration of all things. These lessons from Isaiah 15 encourage us to live with humility, compassion, and a steadfast focus on God’s eternal promises. Let us be vigilant in our faith, always ready to share the hope we have in Christ. Topics 1. The Burden Against Moab The chapter opens with a prophecy or "burden" against Moab, indicating impending judgment. The term "burden" (Hebrew: מַשָּׂא, ^massa^) often signifies a weighty message of doom or judgment. Isaiah 15:1 states, "An oracle concerning Moab: Ar in Moab is ruined, destroyed in a night! Kir in Moab is ruined, destroyed in a night!" 2. Lamentation and Mourning The Moabites are depicted as mourning and lamenting over their cities and high places. This reflects the deep sorrow and despair that will come upon them. Isaiah 15:2 says, "Dibon goes up to its temple, to its high places to weep; Moab wails over Nebo and Medeba. Every head is shaved, every beard is cut off." 3. Desolation of Moabite Cities The prophecy describes the desolation and destruction of Moabite cities, emphasizing the totality of the devastation. Isaiah 15:3-4 highlights this: "In the streets they wear sackcloth; on the rooftops and in the public squares they all wail, falling down weeping. Heshbon and Elealeh cry out; their voices are heard as far away as Jahaz." 4. The Flight of Moab's People The people of Moab are portrayed as fleeing in terror, seeking refuge from the coming destruction. This is a common theme in prophetic literature, where judgment leads to displacement. Isaiah 15:5 states, "My heart cries out for Moab; her fugitives flee as far as Zoar, as far as Eglath-shelishiyah." 5. The Waters of Nimrim The drying up of the waters of Nimrim symbolizes the loss of resources and sustenance, further illustrating the severity of Moab's judgment. Isaiah 15:6 notes, "The waters of Nimrim are dried up, and the grass is withered; the vegetation is gone, and nothing green is left." 6. Offerings and Weeping The Moabites are depicted as bringing offerings to their high places, yet their efforts are in vain, as they are met with weeping and mourning. This reflects the futility of relying on false gods. Isaiah 15:7-8 states, "So the wealth they have acquired and stored up they carry away over the Brook of the Willows. For their outcry echoes to the border of Moab." 7. The Cry of Moab The chapter concludes with the pervasive cry of Moab, symbolizing the widespread impact of the judgment. Isaiah 15:9 captures this: "The waters of Dimon are full of blood, but I will bring more upon Dimon—a lion upon the fugitives of Moab and upon the remnant of the land." Themes 1. Destruction and Desolation The chapter opens with a prophecy of destruction against Moab: "Ar in Moab is devastated, destroyed in a night!" (Isaiah 15:1). The Hebrew word for "devastated" (שָׁדַד, shadad) conveys a sense of complete ruin and desolation, emphasizing the totality of the judgment. 2. Lamentation and Mourning The Moabites are depicted as mourning their fate: "Dibon goes up to its temple, to its high places to weep" (Isaiah 15:2). The theme of lamentation is underscored by the repeated references to weeping and mourning, reflecting the deep sorrow and despair of the people. 3. National Humiliation The prophecy describes the humiliation of Moab: "Every head is shaved, every beard is cut off" (Isaiah 15:2). Shaving the head and cutting the beard were signs of mourning and disgrace in ancient Near Eastern cultures, symbolizing the nation's shame and subjugation. 4. Widespread Suffering The suffering extends throughout the land: "On the rooftops of Moab and in its public squares there is nothing but mourning" (Isaiah 15:3). This theme highlights the pervasive nature of the calamity, affecting all levels of society. 5. Divine Judgment The overarching theme is the divine judgment against Moab: "The waters of Nimrim are dried up" (Isaiah 15:6). The drying up of waters symbolizes God's direct intervention and the withdrawal of His blessings, leading to the land's barrenness. 6. Refugee Crisis The chapter also touches on the theme of displacement: "The cry of distress echoes to Eglaim; their lamentation reaches Beer-elim" (Isaiah 15:8). The movement of people seeking refuge underscores the chaos and desperation resulting from the judgment. 7. Inevitability of Prophecy The certainty of the prophecy is emphasized: "The waters of Dimon are full of blood" (Isaiah 15:9). The imagery of blood-filled waters signifies the inevitable fulfillment of God's word, reinforcing the theme of divine sovereignty and the inescapability of His decrees. Prayer Points Pray for Humility Ask God to reveal areas of pride in your life and to cultivate a spirit of humility. Intercede for Nations Pray for your nation and others, that they would turn to God and seek His guidance and protection. Compassionate Hearts Request that God would give you a heart of compassion, like Isaiah's, to care for those facing judgment and hardship. Answering Tough Questions 1. In Isaiah 15:1, how can Moab’s entire city be destroyed “in a night” without any historical or archaeological record of such an event? 2. Why does Isaiah 15 focus on Moab’s seemingly complete devastation, while other passages describe Moab’s later resilience? 3. How could the swift destruction described in Isaiah 15:5–9 align with known military or natural disaster timelines? 4. Where is the extra-biblical evidence supporting the sudden fall of Moab suggested by Isaiah 15? 5. Why does the text emphasize mourning rituals in Isaiah 15:2–3 if the city’s destruction was as instantaneous as indicated? Bible Study Discussion Questions 1. How does Isaiah's prophecy of Moab's destruction illustrate the theme of divine sovereignty? 2. What are some of the ways that the Moabites express their grief and despair in this chapter? 3. How does the sudden destruction of Moab compare with other instances of divine judgment in the Bible? 4. In what ways does the theme of transience of earthly powers resonate with you personally? 5. How might Isaiah 15 shape our understanding of God's judgment and mercy? 6. How can the images of grief and mourning in this chapter influence our empathy towards others? 7. How can we apply the lessons of the Moabites' downfall to modern societies and nations? 8. If you were in the place of the Moabites, how would you react to the prophecy of impending disaster? 9. How do the imagery and language used in Isaiah 15 affect the emotional impact of the prophecy? 10. What lessons can we learn from the mourning of Moab and apply to our handling of personal loss or societal tragedies today? 11. How does the suffering of the Moabites align with or contradict your understanding of God’s character? 12. What would a modern-day "Moab" look like and how can we prevent such a downfall? 13. How does this chapter shape our understanding of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments? 14. Why is it important to interpret Isaiah’s prophecy in its historical and cultural context? 15. How does Isaiah 15 resonate with current global issues like war, migration, or climate change? 16. How might this chapter challenge or affirm your views on divine justice? 17. How should the lamentation over Moab influence our approach to enemies or those who have wronged us? 18. How does the concept of divine sovereignty in Isaiah 15 influence your understanding of personal freedom and responsibility? 19. How might the theme of mourning in Isaiah 15 guide us in comforting others in times of distress? 20. Given the transient nature of earthly powers illustrated in Isaiah 15, how should we approach our ambitions, successes, and failures in life? Bible Hub Chapter Summaries and Bible Study Questions