Anger is the ebullition [1828] of the heart's blood [1829] produced by bilious exhalation or turbidity. Hence it is that the words chole and cholos [1830] are both used in the sense of anger. Anger is sometimes lust for vengeance. For when we are wronged or think that we are wronged, we are distressed, and there arises this mixture of desire and anger.

There are three forms of anger: rage, which the Greeks also call chole or cholos, menis and kotos. When anger arises and begins to be roused, it is called rage or chole or cholos. Wrath again implies that the bile endures, that is to say, that the memory of the wrong abides: and indeed the Greek word for it, menis is derived from menein, and means what abides and is transferred to memory. Rancour, on the other hand, implies watching for a suitable moment for revenge, and the Greek word for it is kotos from keisthai.

Anger further is the satellite of reason, the vindicator of desire. For when we long after anything and are opposed in our desire by some one, we are angered at that person, as though we had been wronged: and reason evidently deems that there are just grounds for displeasure in what has happened, in the case of those who, like us, have in the natural course of things to guard their own position.

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Footnotes:

[1828] zesis, boiling.

[1829] tou peri kardian haimatos, the blood about the heart.

[1830] Nemes., ch. 21.