Romans 13:1

Everyone must submit himself to the governing authorities, for there is no authority except that which is from God. The authorities that exist have been appointed by God.

Study Bible

Everyone
The Greek word used here is "πᾶς" (pas), meaning all or every. This term emphasizes the universality of the command, indicating that no one is exempt from the directive to submit. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the belief that all individuals, regardless of status or position, are called to adhere to this divine instruction.

must submit himself
The phrase "must submit" comes from the Greek "ὑποτασσέσθω" (hypotassesthō), which means to arrange under, to subordinate, or to subject oneself. This term conveys a voluntary act of placing oneself under the authority of another. In the context of Christian teaching, it reflects a heart attitude of humility and obedience, recognizing the order established by God.

to the governing authorities
The Greek term "ἐξουσίαις" (exousiais) refers to powers or authorities. Historically, this would have included Roman rulers and local leaders. From a conservative viewpoint, this phrase acknowledges the legitimacy of governmental structures as instruments of God's order, even when those authorities may not be explicitly Christian.

for there is no authority
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty of God over all earthly powers. The Greek "ἐξουσία" (exousia) again highlights the concept of power or authority. The conservative interpretation sees this as a reminder that all human authority is ultimately derived from God's supreme authority.

except that which is from God
The phrase underscores the divine origin of all legitimate authority. The Greek "ἀπὸ θεοῦ" (apo theou) means from God, indicating that God is the ultimate source of all power and governance. This serves as a reassurance to believers that even imperfect human systems are under God's control.

The authorities that exist
This refers to the current governing bodies and leaders in place. The Greek "οὖσαι" (ousai) implies those that are present or existing. In a historical context, this would have included the Roman Empire, and today it extends to all forms of government. The conservative view holds that these authorities are part of God's providential plan.

have been appointed by God
The Greek "τεταγμέναι" (tetagmenai) means to be arranged or ordained. This phrase affirms the belief that God has a hand in establishing rulers and governments. From a conservative Christian perspective, this is a call to trust in God's wisdom and sovereignty, even when human leadership seems flawed or unjust.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Paul the Apostle
The author of the Book of Romans, Paul was a key figure in the early Christian church, known for his missionary journeys and theological teachings.

2. The Roman Church
The original recipients of the letter, the Roman Christians were a diverse group living under the rule of the Roman Empire, which was known for its complex and often oppressive governance.

3. Governing Authorities
Refers to the political and civil leaders in power at any given time, which, in the context of Romans, would have been the Roman government.

4. God
The ultimate authority and sovereign ruler, who, according to this verse, appoints earthly authorities.

5. The Roman Empire
The political context in which the Roman Christians lived, characterized by its vast reach and influence over the known world at the time.

Teaching Points

Divine Sovereignty
Recognize that all authority is established by God, and trust in His ultimate plan and purpose, even when earthly authorities seem unjust or corrupt.

Christian Conduct
As Christians, we are called to live in a way that respects and honors the authorities placed over us, reflecting our faith and trust in God's order.

Prayer for Leaders
Regularly pray for those in authority, asking God to guide their decisions and lead them in righteousness.

Civil Obedience and Witness
Understand that our submission to authorities is a form of witness to the world, demonstrating our commitment to peace and order as followers of Christ.

Discernment and Limits
While submission is important, discernment is necessary to know when civil disobedience is required in cases where obeying human authority would mean disobeying God.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does understanding that all authority is appointed by God change your perspective on current political leaders?

2. In what ways can you demonstrate respect and submission to governing authorities in your daily life?

3. How can you balance the call to submit to authorities with the need to stand firm in your faith when those authorities contradict God's commands?

4. What are some practical ways you can pray for your local and national leaders?

5. How does the concept of divine sovereignty over earthly authorities provide comfort and assurance in times of political unrest or uncertainty?

Connections to Other Scriptures

1 Peter 2:13-17
This passage also emphasizes submission to authorities, highlighting the importance of doing so for the Lord's sake and as a testimony to non-believers.

Titus 3:1
Paul instructs Titus to remind the people to be subject to rulers and authorities, to be obedient, and to be ready for every good work.

Daniel 2:21
This verse speaks to God's sovereignty in setting up and deposing kings, reinforcing the idea that all authority is ultimately under God's control.

Proverbs 21:1
Illustrates that the heart of a king is in the hand of the Lord, and He directs it wherever He pleases, showing God's influence over earthly rulers.